【生肉】Bruno Maderna - Conductor and Composer【Christof Bitter】
原载于LP【Bruno Maderna - Ein Dokument - Konzert der Salzburger Festspiele 1973】
In a specific sense he was “old fashioned“. In a world which in every sense strives for technical precision, also in music, he constantly sought only the human element. Both in the artistic and the private sector Maderna always supported the right of the individual vis-a-vis an organized, rigid environment. He tried to safeguard the individualistic and to this end was deeply engaged in humanistic ideals.
This humanistic ideal and his unerring ability to grasp the intrinsic conformity of a particular matter also left their mark on his interpretations. As little as Maderna the conductor could be understood without the composer and pedagogue, just as little could the composer be understood without the conductor. The music ofJosquin Desprez or Monteverdi was just as close to him as that of Mozart, Schumann or that of his immediate contemporaries. A glance at the far-reaching list of premieres which Bruno Maderna directed in over 25 years of activity as conductor all over the world, and which covers all the important names in contemporary music, already indicates his complete lack of prejudice which did not bind him toone trend or one ideology, but only to music. Without prejudiced resentments and always ready to discover something new he also approached the classical works,which in his interpretations often indicate completely fresh aspects. To this extent Mahler's famous sentence applied to him: “Tradition is slovenliness.“ He was not prepared without examination to accept what had been passed on merely because it had always been practized in such and such a manner.
For Maderna every interpretation was a challange to create the work a new, so to speak to compose it once again as conductor; for Maderna the interpretative as well as the compositional element primarily was an intellectual rather than a musical process. The impression of a concert which he conducted was therefore also a very specific one: one had the feeling of being present during the originating process of the work, of being drawn into its emergence. Maderna tracked down the forces in a work, made them audible to those to whom he owed his being. He did not arrange the whole according to its sections, but brought the parts into a whole, making their function within the organism of the work of art discernible. Thus the work did not appear to the listener as a completed, that is to say, historical entity, but as something momentarily coming into being andprogressively developing. From this resulted the vitality, the sense of topicality which made Maderna's interpretations so unmistakeable.
As a conductor and composer influenced by the experience of new music and inturn schooled by the mode of thinking in structural concepts, Maderna perceived in the works of the past that which was present from his point of view and brought it to the consciousness of the listener. Thus he led the listener to a recognition of the inner logical context of the music, and with it insight into the compelling necessity of the musical process. This was an ability which eased his work also with the most difficult modern scores and with orchestras which were not always receptive, because the musicians were then convinced.
In addition to his inborn and intense sense of music, Maderna also possessed something which very clearly characterizes the type of the modern musician: awide-ranging education at home in all sectors of art, comprehensive intellectual engagement directed towards philosophy, literature, history, archaeology as well as music itself. Maderna's restless intellectual curiosity, manifested in the constant demand for exchanges of views in conversation, the unending searching and collecting of books and his day and night reading sessions, was continually bent on discovering new contexts, on gaining fresh insight. It also compelled him againand again to deal with forgotten musical works, tempted him to the adventure of discovering new compositions, an adventure reflected in the concert pro-grammes which seldom contained what is well known but all the more often featured the unknown, off the beaten track or difficult of access. The mainspring of Maderna's programme design was to seek out contexts, combining or separating elements, to mobilize them and thereby encourage understanding. Bach beside Strawinsky and Josquin, Ravel together with Boulez and Mozart-each received from the other a changed outlook, revealed a new sideto his music. Born of mental curiosity and animated by the search for the mysterious dominating order in music, Maderna's interpretations were not a rendering of tonal events but acts of intellectual appreciation.
Maderna the pedagogue also benefited not only from his comprehensive skilled knowledge but also from his versatile education. It was precisely this general education which time and again enabled him to deduce cross connections, not seeing the single element in isolation, but always bearing it in mind as a whole,as the sum total of individual factors. This view of the whole -as regards the world and mankind - was Maderna's basic experience, from which point music too was for him always a form of intellectual appreciation which he tried to reproducein his compositions and interpretations.
Bruno Maderna's compositional work ranges in its beginnings from the start of the 1940's and thus encompasses practically all genres of music, including electronicforms.
In the course of his compositional development Maderna used almost all contemporary techniques. The early works up to about 1948/49 still mainly display the influence of the compositional techniques of Bartók and Strawinsky, while the years 1950-1956 indicate preoccupation with serial composition and technique,which probably find their clearest expression in the string quartet composed 1955. However, already in this strictly organized work, the second movement of which is a note-by-note reflection of the first, there are moments when the composer breaks out of the rigid principle of organisation: notes are omitted and replaced by pauses if they might disturb the course of the movement. Giacomo Manzoni, in his thorough analysis of this piece, remarks almost with regret: “Soat this point the composer intervenes with his 'feeling'.“ This remark touches,however, a basic trait of Bruno Maderna's composing work, which he himself once summarized tersely and precisely with the words: “The worst thing in the world is consistency. I hate to be consistent, because it is fatal.“ The reserved right topersonal freedom, never to subject himself unconditionally to a law - even one that he may have created himself - led Maderna in the succeeding years to amode of composing which exploited and combined all available possibilities of dodecaphonic, serial and aleatoric processes without ever being tied down to aprinciple.
The fact that both in the external formal sector and in the musical structure similarities occur among the various works, and even in parts they are exchangeable - and are exchanged by the composer - has its basis in the compositional mode of approach as such which Maderna developed during these years. I trepresents the attempt to combine the “formal“ organisation of the material with the “informal“ liberty of aleatoric structures. That which in the “Musica su duedimensioni“ from 1952 and 1958 was still formulated as a strict antithesis and from which point on appears in Maderna's works as a basic problem, was now tobe turned into one, to be led towards a synthesis. When Maderna once mentioned that in his music he wanted to relate “basic experiences of man“, then these can be most clearly perceived in this attempt at mediation between strict law and complete freedom. Just as in the phase of strict serial composing technique heused the “feeling“ as the permanent corrective, in the later years of the complete“freedom“ of aleatoric processes he always adhered to an organisation of material which was precise in detail.
The difficulties inherent in the attempt to lead the antithesis “formal - informal“to a synthesis are in ample evidence in the major orchestral works from the years between 1960 and 1967 (1st and 2nd oboe concerto, Dimensioni III for Orchestra and Solo Flute, Stele per Diotima for Orchestra with a cadenza for several instrumental soloists, to mention only the most important. The division of the two sectors becomes very clear here: as a rule the solo instrument is allotted the informal sector in the shape of eternally modifiable, quasi-improvising cadences and insertions. The orchestra is the rigidly through composed sector, whose unusually differentiated tonal treatment, often reduced to smallest motifs, admittedly shows signs at first of future resolution possibilities, but on the whole is really a combined block against the solo instrument. The motif arrangement and melody in the solo sections of the concertos practically never conceal their declamatory character, their structure marked by the natural pause for breath. The preference for the higher woodwind (flute, oboe) has in this respect its actual origins, for “breathing“ and “speaking“ are for him character-determining indications of individual human excistence.
As opposed to this, the orchestral passages display a construction of manifold,sometimes the shortest motifs, which mutually cross over each other and in multi-farious time values are constantly superimposed upon each other. Similarly the individual orchestral groups are frequently combined into tonal areas which take over from each other, fuse with each other or which also clearly stand out from each other. All of this gives the impression of something unstable, buzzing,indefinable. At this juncture Maderna's mode of composing - which was definitely his own intention - stands on the threshold of where the highest degree of differentiation suddenly changes into indifferentiation, into a kind of wolesale character.The non-musical reference, the announcement of the “basic experiences of man“,become completely clear here, but at the same time it is also amply evident how far removed from a banner-like nature the “announcement" is bound up in absolute musicality, although Maderna did not always succeed in fully integrating the divisively striving components of formal/informal, tutti/solo. Often the tension of the parts threatens to explode the whole of the work, something which becomes all the more evident since the concept of the “conclusive work“ is never ab-andoned.
In his most important work of the period from 1960 to 1968, the “Lirica in forma di spettacolo: Hyperion“, made up of various parts, Maderna frequently used iden-tical material for the individual parts. This was a method which he retained in the works composed in the last five years of his life, but wich he applied in varied form. In the Hyperion pieces they are already properly shaped parts, reused in the same or varied form; but later only the basic material is identical, the shaping however being different and the underlying relationship of the composition scarcely recognizable. Admittedly all are created from the same seed but are formed completely differently. In pieces such as “Quadrivium“ (1969), “Aura", “Biogramma"and “Giardino religioso“ (all 1972) the complete synthesis is successful; dissolution of what up to that point had the effect of dialectical tension “formal - informal“,and solo and tutti, appear as integrated elements (most obvious in the “Giardinoreligioso“). The commentary which Maderna wrote in 1973 regarding the premiere of his last work - the 3rd Oboe Concerto - lays this down very precisely: “While preparing this work the thought was constantly with me that the music already existed, that it had always already existed; even that which I was writing. All that is necessary is to have confidence in what one hears around one and in oneself and to execute it in a score. 'Firmly shaped' and 'open' are one and the same.“
But something else becomes clear from this quotation, something which leads deeper into the nature of Maderna the composer and makes one more sharplyaware of an aspect which hitherto was only vaguely evident from descriptions of the purely craftsman's compositional process: “that the music already existed,that is always already existed“ is something which only somebody can say who is deeply rooted in tradition, who draws from the constantly flowing water. Among all the composers of the generation after the second World War, Maderna was the one most strongly bound to musical tradition, not in the sense of superficial familiarity, but from an inner creative bond of a definitely dialectical character. It is hardly surprising in this respect that the music of his Venetian background played a decisive role. But just how creatively Maderna applied this tradition is shown by the “Musica su due dimensioni" and everything in turn which resulted from its conceptual musical beginnings: the Venetian polychoral element is its actual origin. The spaciousness in Maderna's works, to which Manzoni already referred in 1958 in his analysis of the string quartet, is from this point of view not difficult to explain. Other circumstances such as the “orchestra in eco" in theviolin concerto, the retention of such traditional descriptions as concerto, serenade,notturno, hardly require special mention, although it is probably in this resultantly creative link with tradition that the root lies for adherence to the integrity of the“work“.
The fact that Maderna never questioned this, indeed he condemned its destruction,also had its reason in the firm conviction of the inviolability of the individual, the sanctity of individual existence. “Man - not as a quantity, as a mass-,but as an individual, must have the right to his life, and we must work for an ideal world in which also the seer, the pioneer has his place, even if he is an anarchist.“ These words by Maderna reveal what “basic experiences of man“ are manifested in his music, what problems he tries to solve musically, that is to say, in his manner: to resolve the dialectical tension between the individual and the general public,to integrate the individual into the whole without depriving him of the room for his own existence.
This could only succeed if ones own laws were traced back, if feelings controlled the intellect and vice versa, if the permanent readiness were available always to reverse once more all the given preconditions.“The worse thing in the world is consistency.“ This does not mean merely to turn aside, but rather condemns all stubborn schematic thinking, and implies the right at all times to seek fresh paths to reach the set goal if the old ways have proved in effective: Maderna tried to do justice to this right in his life and in his works - within him both were inseparably linked. In failure and in succes one can feel what Luigi Nono, in his obituary for Bruno Maderna, summarized in the sentence:“Bruno Maderna è grandissima generosità humana.“