中英对照精译注释 | 华尔街日报的光伏焦虑
译者按：
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The first solar panels were invented in America in 1954. Yet it's been China that's been better able to capitalize on the technology.
第一块太阳能电池板于1954年在美国北发明。然而，中国更好地利用了这项技术。
“China was one of the first countries to realize the potential of solar panels. China actually took it and really commercialized it at a large scale.”
“中国是最早一批认识到太阳能电池板潜力的国家之一。中国真正认识到了（其潜能），并且使其真正大规模商业化。”
——SHA HUA 《华尔街日报》记者
Now, China controls over 80 % of the global solar panel supply chain, while the United States manufactures virtually none of the required components for solar panel production.
如今，中国控制着全球超过80%的太阳能电池板供应链，而美国几乎没有制造任何太阳能电池板所需的材料。
数据来源：
International Energy Agency国际能源署
总部位于巴黎的独立国际组织，其成员目前有30个（主要是西方国家；不含中国），占全球能源消耗的80%以上。
So, to effectively compete with China in solar panel manufacturing, the US is prioritizing building up its supply chain, basically from scratch.
因此，为了有效地与中国在太阳能电池板制造领域竞争，美国正在优先建设自己的供应链，这基本上是从零开始。
Today, the US has less than half of the solar capacity that China does and of the solar panels that are installed in the US, nearly four out of five of them are from Chinese companies.
如今，美国的太阳能容量不到中国的一半。而在美国安装的太阳能电池板当中，有五分之四都来自中国公司。
数据来源：
Coalition for a Prosperous America
2007年成立于美国的非营利组织，旨在推动保护提升美国制造业的经济政策的施行。
“China has such a head start when it comes to solar panel manufacturing is because they dominate the entire global supply chain.”
“中国在太阳能电池板制造方面拥有如此巨大的领先优势，这是因为他们主导了整个全球供应链。”
——SHA HUA 《华尔街日报》记者
That's because in recent years, China has spent almost 10 times as much on solar manufacturing than the US and the EU combined and of the world's Top ten largest solar manufacturers.
这是因为，近年来，中国在太阳能领域的投入几乎是美国和欧盟总和的十倍，且全球十大最大太阳能制造商中大部分来自中国。
2022 全球十大太阳能制造商
隆基绿能 LONGi Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd. （中国）
天合光能 Trina Solar Co., Ltd. （中国）
晶科能源 JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd. （中国）
晶澳太阳能 JA Solar Holdings Co., Ltd.（中国）
Canadian Solar Inc. （加拿大）
韩华集团 Hanwha Q. CELLS Co., Ltd.（韩国）
东方日升 Risen Energy Co., Ltd.（中国）
正泰新能 Astronergy Co., Ltd.（中国）
First Solar, Inc.（美国）
尚德电力 Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd.
（中国）
数据来源：
BlackRidge Technology
总部位于美国的网络安全公司，主要强项是网络访问的身份控制技术。
Seven are Chinese, only one is American. That stark difference plays out in each country's energy mix.
其中七个是中国企业，只有一个来自美国。这种明显的差异在两国的能源结构中得到了体现。
According to the EIA solar energy makes up 12 % of China's toll. Total electricity generation capacity. Yet it only makes up about 3.4% of the us is total electricity generation capacity.
据美国能源信息署的数据，太阳能发电在中国的总发电量中占12%，而在美国的总发电量仅占3.4%左右。
数据来源：
U.S. Energy Information Administration
美国能源信息署 ——主要职责是分析、收集、传播能源相关信息
译者注
“发电容量”是指最大发电能力（特定条件下能够输出的最大电量）；
而“发电量”指的是实际输出的电量（受到需求、设备维护、天气、设备老化等影响而低于发电容量）
“It was really this idea that they were just gonna shoot for the moon and go big. That has huge implications and dragged, frankly, the rest of the world into this clean energy as a real option, not a play thing.”
“（发展和推广光伏）这个想法真正的意义在于，他们（中国）想要一举冲刺并且做大。这对于环保亲别能源的推进有着重要意义，并且直截了当地让世界其他国家认识到这（光伏）不再是玩物，而是真家伙。”
——Scott Sklar, Stella集团（欧洲户外门窗和遮阳设施生产商）总裁
But one key area where the us has an advantage is silica sand. The primary mineral used for solar generation. It exports about $470 million worth of the mineral. China is the world's largest importer of silica sand, importing it mainly from the United States, Australia and Indonesia.
但美国在一个关键领域拥有优势：硅砂——太阳能发电所用的首要矿产资源。（美国）出口了大约价值4.7亿美元的硅砂，而中国是世界最大的硅砂进口国，主要从美国、澳大利亚和印度尼西亚进口。
数据来源：
Observatory of Economic Complexity
经济复杂性观察台 （由哈佛大学国际发展研究中心开发维护的在线平台。）
译者注
“硅砂”指的是石英矿石经过破碎和筛分处理得到的粒状物，二氧化硅含量超过95%，且颗粒形状较为均匀（便于进一步加工），并不是普通的沙子。
To make a panel, silica sand needs to be refined to create purified silicon, which is shaped into ingots and sliced into thin wafers.
要制造太阳能电池板，硅砂需要被精炼成纯化硅，然后被塑形为锭，再被切成薄片。
The wafers are cut into cells, and panel manufacturers then assemble the cells in a frame and add circuitry to create a finished module or panel.
然后，薄片被切成电池单元，然后电池板制造商将这些单元组装进框架内，再添加电路以制成发电模块或光伏面板。
But even though the United States has the raw materials, it has no manufacturers of silicon wafers, or cells used for solar panel production.
但是，尽管美国拥有原材料，却没有生产光伏面板所需的硅晶薄片和电池单元的生产商。
“Manufacturing isn't just some Lego play, right? It's about figuring out how to do something quicker, more efficiently, better than others.”
“制造不仅仅是一种乐高游戏，对吧？它是关于如何比其他人更快、更高效、更好地完成某件事。”
——SHA HUA 《华尔街日报》记者
Because China is able to produce solar panels at a significantly lower cost in global markets. The few us solar manufacturers that do exist heavily rely on importing components exclusive to China and then assembling them domestically.
由于中国能够以全球市场中显著的低成本生产太阳能电池板，本就不多的、美国的太阳能电池板制造商严重依赖于进口直邮中国才有的零部件，然后在美国国内组装太阳能电池板。
“The U.S.'s Struggle to Wean Itself From Chinese Solar Power”
“美国减少对中国太阳能的依赖的挣扎。”
—— 《华尔街日报》2022年11月15日标题
“The reason China has been able to bring down costs, action and sustain quality of solar panels. They decided that they were going to build bigger plants, much bigger in size than the United States had. In the early days. They incorporated new manufacturing approaches, including robotics. They were so much larger with so much less human interaction that they were able to scale up.”
“中国之所以能够降低太阳能电池板的成本，并且保证面板质量，（是因为）他们决定建造比美国规模大得多的工厂。在早期，他们采用了新的制造方法，包括机器人技术。由于他们规模更大，人员参与更少，他们能够大规模地扩产。”
——Scott Sklar, Stella集团（欧洲户外门窗和遮阳设施生产商）总裁
“And this is actually China's real skill how to make things and make it commercially viable and then cheap and accessible.”
“这事实上是中国真正的技能——如何制造东西，以及使其在商业上具有可行性，然后使其便宜且易得。”
——SHA HUA 《华尔街日报》记者
“The Inflation Reduction Act is also the most significant investment ever. And climate change.”
“《通货膨胀减少法案》也是有史以来最重要的在气候变化方面的投资。”
——Joe Biden 发文时（2022年7月21日）任美国总统
译者注
《通货膨胀减少法案》“IRA”是美国2022年8月16日通过的法案，希望通过降低联邦赤字、降低处方药价格（避免医保支出过高）、发展本土能源产业和推进清洁能源，来缓解美国面临的严重通货膨胀。
The inflation reduction act passed in August 2022, hopes to accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy. For solar manufacturing, that means incentives for boosting panel installations and tax credits for manufacturing solar components in the United States.
2022年8月通过的“通货膨胀减少法案”（IRA）希望加速向清洁能源经济的转变。对于太阳能制造业而言，这意味着为提高光伏面板的安装量提高激励措施，以及为在美国国内制造太阳能设备组件提供税收抵免。
“We in the US have never had really industrial policy to support that kind of manufacturing, right? It's only now with the Inflation Reduction Act that we have the kind of domestic industrial policy that will support solar, manufacturing and storage manufacturing here in the us.”
“我们在美国从来没有真正的支持这类制造业的产业政策，对吗？直到现在IRA法案出台，我们美国才有了一种能够支持太阳能制造和储能设备的国内工业政策。”
——Sean Gallagher （美国）太阳能产业协会（于1974年成立于美国的非营利组织，试图代表全美太阳能行业的利益）政策高级副总裁
Already, the Inflation Reduction Act has LED first solar, the biggest solar panel maker in the us to spend $1.2 billion to increase its us manufacturing capacity by 75 %.
已经发生的是，IRA已经让“First Solar”公司——美国最大的太阳能光伏面板制造商投入了12亿美元将其在美国的制造能力增加了75%。
“If we're going to continue to scale up the industry, in order to address the climate crisis, we need to bring more than manufacturing home and we're doing it.”
“如果我们要继续扩大这个产业以应对气候危机，我们需要将更多的产业带回国内，并且我们正在做这件事。”
——Sean Gallagher （美国）太阳能产业协会（于1974年成立于美国的非营利组织，试图代表全美太阳能行业的利益）政策高级副总裁
But because China is ahead by so much, there is debate whether the us should try to invest money in the sector.
但是由于中国已经领先了太多，人们对美国是否应该尝试在这个领域投资存在争议。
“The United States may not be able to actually really catch up with China as much as that. It may just be able to onshore some of the skills so that it can do it itself.”
“美国可能不能够达到真正迎头赶上中国那样的程度，它可能只能将一些技能重新弄回国内，以便能自行生产（光伏设备）。”
——SHA HUA 《华尔街日报》记者
“I remind people that energy is used in everything we do, our electricity, our transportation, our infrastructure, our communications, our agriculture, everything.”
“我提醒人们，能源被用在我们所做的一切事情中。我们的电力、交通、基础设施、通讯和农业，所有的事情。”
——Scott Sklar, Stella集团（欧洲户外门窗和遮阳设施生产商）总裁
