【简译】素可泰（Sukhothai）

Sukhothai or Sukhothai Historical Park was the former capital of the Kingdom of Sukhothai (1248-1438 CE), which was founded by King Si Inthrathit (r. 1238-1270 CE) and was the first in a series of independent polities that would eventually coalesce together to form what is present-day Thailand. Sukhothai is located in northeast Thailand and lies 12 km (7.5 miles) from the modern city of Sukhothai Thani and 430 km (280 miles) from Bangkok. At its height, Sukhothai was a magnificent, albeit, small city with elegant temples, palaces, stunning monuments, and waterways. The effervescence of culture in this city during the 13th and 14th centuries CE has left an indelible imprint on Thai art, language, and politics, and Sukhothai is still revered as the birthplace of Thai culture by Thais today. UNESCO declared Sukhothai and the neighboring ruins of Si Satchanalai and Kamphaeng Phet as a single UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991 CE.

         素可泰（素可泰历史公园，Sukhothai Historical Park）是素可泰王国（公元1248年至1438年，泰国历史上的首个有史料可以查证的王国）的古都，该王国由室利膺沙罗铁（ศรีอินทราทิตย์）建立，是一系列独立政体中的第一个，这些政体最终汇聚在一起形成了今天的泰国。素可泰位于今泰国东北部，距离现代城市素可泰他尼 12 公里（7.5 英里），距离曼谷 430 公里（280 英里）。在其鼎盛时期，素可泰是一座宏伟的城市，尽管规模不大，却拥有高雅的寺庙、宫殿、令人惊叹的纪念碑和水道。公元 13 世纪和 14 世纪期间，这座城市文化的蓬勃发展给泰国的艺术、语言和政治留下了不可磨灭的印记，如今素可泰仍被泰国人视其为泰国文化的发源地。公元 1991 年，联合国教科文组织宣布素可泰和邻近的Si Satchanalai（西撒查纳来古城）和Kamphaeng Phet（甘烹碧）遗址合为联合国教科文组织世界遗产。

素可泰的历史

The historic city of Sukhothai is located in the modern province of Sukhothai in what is presently northeastern Thailand, near the Yom, which is one of the larger tributaries of the Chao Phraya River. In Sanskrit, Sukhothai means “Dawn of Happiness” or “Emergence of Joy.” Sukhothai was originally a small Khmer city in design and structure with Hindu temples and canals reminiscent of Angkor Wat. It is likely that the Khmer constructed this city at some point in either the 12th or early 13th century CE, and one can still find a few remains of older Khmer structures at Sukhothai. In the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries CE, the northern and central regions of what is present-day Thailand received an influx of people from what is now south-central China: the Tai.

          历史名城素可泰位于现今泰国东北部的素可泰府，靠近湄南河较大的支流之一的雍河。在梵语中，素可泰（Sukhothai）的意思是“幸福的黎明”或“喜悦的涌动”。素可泰最初是一座高棉小城，从结构和布局来看，这里的运河和印度教寺庙让人想起吴哥窟。高棉人很可能在公元 12 世纪或 13 世纪初的某个时期建造了这座城市，现在人们仍然可以在素可泰找到一些古老的高棉建筑遗迹。公元 11、12 和 13 世纪，今天泰国的北部和中部地区涌入了大量来自中国中南部的傣族人。

These people intermarried with local inhabitants, like the Mon and Khmer people, and moved into the area in and around Sukhothai. (To outsiders, these people were known as “Siam,” from which the term “Siamese” is thus derived.) They established muang, tiny “city-states,” which were subordinate to Khmer rule. It is worth noting that these city-states formed a key juncture in history as the Khmer Empire began to decline after years of warfare with neighboring Champa in the late 12th century and early 13th century CE. A political vacuum in the region followed the death of Jayavarman VII (c. 1181-1218 CE), and the Tai quickly began to challenge Khmer political power in the region, asserting first autonomy and then complete independence from their Khmer overlords.

          这些人与孟族和高棉族等当地居民通婚，迁入素可泰及其周边地区。(外人称这些人为“暹罗”，“暹罗人”一词即由此而来）。他们建立了“城邦”（muang，勐，泰语：เมือง，在泰语中原本意思是拥有城墙的城镇及其周边的附属村庄），隶属于高棉统治。值得注意的是，在公元 12 世纪末和 13 世纪初，高棉帝国与邻国占城 (Champa)连年征战，开始走向衰落，而这些城邦正是历史上的关键时刻。阇耶跋摩七世（Jayavarman VII，约公元 1181-1218 年）去世后，该地区出现了政治真空，泰族迅速开始挑战高棉在该地区的政治权力，先是主张自治，然后完全脱离高棉统治。

In c. 1238 CE, King Si Inthrathit (also known in Thai as “Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao” and other through other honorifics) united several Thai polities under the control of Thai noblemen into a single kingdom under his suzerainty at the city of Sukhothai. (For this reason, the Thai see him as akin to the “founding father of the Thai nation.”) The exact circumstances of this event are shrouded in mystery and unfortunately historians only have fragments of broken stele and other partial records. What is known is that Si Inthrathit consolidated his rule and defended the Kingdom of Sukhothai against the Khmer. A younger son of Si Inthrathit, King Ram Khamhaeng (r. c. 1275-1298 CE), expanded the boundaries of the kingdom to the south and east, and formally adopted Theravada as Sukhothai's official religion. Ram Khamhaeng additionally sent envoys to China, helping to stimulate trade and enrich Sukhothai.

          约公元 1238 年，泰国国王室利膺陀罗铁（泰语中又称“Pho Khun Bang Klanghao”，还有其他尊称）将多个泰国政治实体统一在泰国贵族的控制之下，并将其置于自己的宗主权之下（因此，泰国人将他视为类似于“泰国建国之父”的人物）。这一事件的具体情况仍然笼罩在神秘之中，不幸的是，历史学家只有破碎的石碑碎片和其他部分记录。目前已知的是，室利膺陀罗铁巩固了自己的统治，并保卫素可泰王国抵御高棉人。室利膺陀罗铁的小儿子兰甘亨（Ram Khamhaeng，约公元 1275-1298 年）将王国的疆域扩展到南部和东部，并正式将上座部佛教作为素可泰的官方宗教。兰甘亨还向中国派遣了使节，促进了贸易，提升了素可泰的国力。

Sukhothai flourished over the next 150 years in large part due to its geographic location. Centered almost midway between the Khmer Empire to the southeast and the Burmese Kingdom of Pagan to the northwest, cosmopolitan Sukhothai thrived on commerce and patronage. Sukhothai and the neighboring city of Si Satchanalai (nowadays the Si Satchanalai Historical Park) became centers in the production and exportation of ceramics throughout Southeast Asia. While somewhat similar to Khmer stoneware or Vietnamese ceramics, the artisans of Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai produced pottery with a green-glaze ware, which attracted widespread admiration and can be found as far away as what is present-day Indonesia and the Philippines.

          素可泰在接下来的 150 年里繁荣昌盛，很大程度上得益于其地理位置。素可泰位于东南部的高棉帝国和西北部的缅甸蒲甘王国（缅甸历史上第一次统一全国的王朝）之间，国际化的素可泰通过贸易和赞助而繁荣。素可泰和邻近的Si Satchanalai（西撒查纳来古城）（今Si Satchanalai历史公园）成为整个东南亚的陶瓷生产与出口中心。虽然与高棉石器或越南陶瓷有些相似，但素可泰和Si Satchanalai（西撒查纳来古城）的工匠们生产的绿釉陶器广受赞誉，远在今天的印度尼西亚和菲律宾都能找到遗器。   

At the end of the 1300s CE, Sukhothai was one of the largest centers of Buddhism in the world. The successors of Sir Inthrathit and Ram Khamhaeng established beautiful Theravada temples and recruited Buddhist monks from afar to come and live in the city of Sukhothai. Of special note are King Lo Thai (r.c. 1298-1347 CE) and King Maha Thammaracha I or “Lu Thai” (r. 1347-1368 CE). Both were devout Buddhists and patrons of the arts who greatly enhanced the city's beauty through the construction of monumental architecture. During their reigns, a distinct style of Sukhothai art emerged, and Lu Thai wrote Thailand's most notable ancient work, the Traibhumikatha ("Sermon on the Three Worlds") in 1345 CE. Images of the Buddha, as reflected in sculpture or painting, became highly stylized and recognizable by virtue of their grace and elegance at Sukhothai. Sukhothai's temples as well delineate a certain ethereal grace with their bell-shaped stupas and lotus-bud finials. Architects and engineers came to Sukhothai to build exquisite monasteries of brick and decorated them with carved stucco.

          到 14 世纪末，素可泰已成为世界上最大的佛教中心之一。室利膺陀罗铁和兰甘亨的继任者建立了精美的上座部佛教寺庙，并从远方招募佛教僧侣来素可泰城居住。特别值得一提的是罗泰王（约公元 1298-1347 年）和昙摩罗阇一世（公元 1347-1368 年）。这两位国王都是虔诚的佛教徒和艺术赞助人，他们通过建造纪念性建筑大大提升了城市的美感。在他们统治期间，素可泰艺术出现了一种独特的风格，昙摩罗阇一世于公元 1345 年写下了泰国最著名的古代作品《Traibhumikatha》（三世布道）。在素可泰，反映在雕塑或绘画中的佛像变得高度风格化，并凭借其优雅和高贵的气质而广为人知。素可泰的寺庙也以钟形佛塔和莲花顶饰勾勒出某种空灵的优雅。建筑师和工程师们来到素可泰，用砖砌成精美的寺院，并用雕刻灰泥加以装饰。

Nonetheless, despite Sukhothai's wealth and fame, a rival Thai kingdom in the south challenged the city's political and cultural primacy in the region of present-day Thailand during the late 14th century CE: Ayutthaya (c. 1351-1757 CE). Lying on an island at the intersection of the Pa Sak, the Chao Phraya, and Lopburi Rivers and close to the Gulf of Thailand, the city of Ayutthaya grew quickly into the center of a vast kingdom that would ultimately absorb Sukhothai in 1438 CE. King Boromaracha I (r. 1370-1388 CE) was the first king of Ayutthaya to challenge Sukhothai, and subsequent kings from Ayutthaya gradually annexed or conquered territories belonging to Sukhothai. The later kings of Sukhothai acknowledged the supremacy of Ayutthaya in 1378 CE, and the kingdom became a province of Ayutthaya in 1438 CE. Inscriptions from Sukhothai in the late 14 and early 15th centuries CE attest to a city and a kingdom beset with internal strife between various noble families, which in large part explains the kingdom's rapid decline. There have been suggestions too that Sukhothai's fortunes fell drastically when the Yom River changed its course, and the production of agriculture in the vicinity of Sukhothai fell.

          然而，尽管素可泰富甲天下，声名远播，但在公元 14 世纪晚期，南部的一个泰国王国对素可泰的政治和文化地位提出了挑战：阿瑜陀耶王国（阿育他亚王国、大城王国，约公元 1351-1757 年）。阿瑜陀耶王国位于帕萨克河（Pa Sak River）、湄南河和华富里河交汇处的一个小岛上，靠近泰国湾，迅速发展成为一个庞大王国的中心，最终于公元 1438 年吞并了素可泰。波隆摩罗阇一世国王（Boromaracha I，公元 1370-1388 年）是阿瑜陀耶第一个挑战素可泰的国王，随后阿瑜陀耶的国王们逐渐吞并或征服了属于素可泰的领土。后来的素可泰国王于公元 1378 年承认了阿瑜陀耶至高无上的地位，并于 1438 年成为阿瑜陀耶王国的一个省。14 世纪末和 15 世纪初的素可泰碑文证明，当时的素可泰城和素可泰王国饱受各贵族家族内斗的困扰，这在很大程度上解释了素可泰王国迅速衰落的原因。还有人认为，当赎罪河（泰语：แม่น้ำยม）改变河道，素可泰附近的农业生产下降时，素可泰的命运也急剧下降。    

Sukhothai gradually diminished in population size and in cultural importance, although its prized ceramics continued to be produced in and around Si Satchanalai. Sukhothai suffered repeatedly over the centuries due to intermittent warfare between Ayutthaya and Burma from the 16th-18th centuries CE, and wars with the Burmese, King Naresuan of Ayutthaya (c. 1590-1605 CE) forced many of Sukhothai's residents to relocate closer to Ayutthaya as a result of depopulation. Modern interest in Sukhothai arose again after the defeat of Ayutthaya and the relocation of the Thai capital to Bangkok in 1782 CE. Thai kings and archaeologists came to Sukhothai to study and admire its ruins in the 1800s and 1900s CE. Many of Sukhothai's renowned statues and other works of art are now at the National Museum in Bangkok, Thailand.

          素可泰的人口规模和文化重要性逐渐下降，但其珍贵的陶瓷仍在西撒查纳来古城（Si Satchanalai）及其周边地区生产。几个世纪以来，素可泰因阿瑜陀耶国王纳黎宣（约 1590-1605 年）在 16 世纪至 18 世纪间断断续续的战争而饱受苦难。由于与缅甸的战争，素可泰的许多居民因人口减少而被迫搬到离阿瑜陀耶更近的地方。现代人对素可泰的兴趣是在1782年阿瑜陀耶被击败以及泰国首都迁往曼谷。19世纪和20世纪，泰国国王和考古学家来到素可泰研究与欣赏其遗址。素可泰的许多著名雕像和其他艺术品现存于泰国曼谷的国家博物馆。  

 素可泰遗址

Sukhothai is an impressive and monumental ancient Buddhist city that can only be rivaled in Southeast Asia by Angkot Wat in Cambodia, the Buddhist temples of Bagan in Myanmar (Burma), the Hindu temples of Mỹ Sơn in Vietnam, and the ruins of Borobudur and Prambanan in Indonesia. The ruins of Sukhothai in art and architecture reflect the diverse ancestry of the modern Thai people as one finds styles and artistics influences from the Mon, Tai and Khmer peoples. Stylistic overlay from ancient India and Sri Lanka are also quite evident at Sukhothai. The total area of the historic town of Sukhothai is 11, 852 ha of which Sukhothai comprises 7,000 ha., Si Satchanalai comprises 4,514 ha., and Kamphaeng Phet comprises 338 ha.

          素可泰是一座令人印象深刻、具有纪念意义的佛教古城，只有东南亚能与之媲美柬埔寨吴哥窟、缅甸蒲甘佛教寺庙、越南的美山印度教寺庙以及印度尼西亚的婆罗浮屠和普兰巴南遗址。素可泰遗址的艺术和建筑反映了现代泰国人祖先的多样性，人们可以看到来自孟族、泰族和高棉族的风格和艺术影响。来自古印度和斯里兰卡的风格重叠在素可泰也相当明显。素可泰历史古城的总面积为11852公顷，其中素可泰占7000公顷，西撒查纳来古城（Si Satchanalai）占4514公顷，甘烹碧（Kamphaeng Phet）占338公顷。

Large city walls running 2 km around Sukhothai once acted as a buffer from invading armies, and there were also three earthen ramparts and two large canals (or moats) that encircled the city. 20 medieval temples (Thai: wat) and countless monuments lie within the historic city of Sukhothai, the most impressive of which is undoubtedly the Wat Mahathat, which contains a statue of the Buddha, an old temple, and ornamental pond. Other structures of special interest include Wat Si Sawai, which is one of Sukhothai's oldest temples founded by the Khmer and dates from the late 12th century or early 13th century CE, and the 13th-century CE Wat Si Chum temple, which contains the largest Buddha image in Sukhothai and measures 15 m (49 ft) high and 11 m (36 ft) wide.

          素可泰周围 2 公里长的城墙曾经是抵御入侵军队的屏障，城市周围还有三座土墙和两条大运河（或护城河）。素可泰古城内有 20 座中世纪寺庙（泰语：wat）和数不清的古迹，其中最令人印象深刻的无疑是玛哈泰寺，寺内有一尊佛像、一座古庙和一个观赏池。其他具有特殊意义的建筑包括西沙瓦寺（Wat Si Sawai），它是素可泰最古老的寺庙之一，由高棉人建造，可追溯到公元 12 世纪末或 13 世纪初；还有公元 13 世纪的 西昌寺（Wat Si Chum），寺内有素可泰最大的佛像，高15米（49英尺），宽11米（36英尺）。   

A unique facet of Sukhothai that is little known or commented on is its amazing accomplishment in hydraulic engineering. The medieval inhabitants of Sukhothai created reservoirs, canals, and sophisticated dams, which permitted increased control of waters during times of drought or flooding. The management of water on a large scale helped Sukhothai's farmers and merchants carry out a variety of activities of an agricultural, commercial, and ritual nature. This, in turn, lead to greater prosperity and more social harmony in the city of Sukhothai.

          素可泰有一个独特的方面，鲜为人知或很少被谈论，那就是它在水利工程方面取得的惊人成就。中世纪的素可泰居民修建了水库、运河和复杂的水坝，以便在干旱或洪水泛滥时加强对水域的控制。对水的大规模管理有助于素可泰的农民与商人开展各种农业、商业和祭祀活动。这反过来又促进了素可泰城的繁荣与社会和谐。

素可泰的遗产

In the 19th century CE, Thais came to see Sukhothai as the first flowering of Thai culture and an important place in their cultural consciousness. Although the city of Sukhothai flourished for just under 200 years, it undoubtedly left an enduring mark on the subsequent course of Thai history and certainly Thai culture as well. When one thinks of the Thai alphabet, Thai architecture, and Thai sculpture, it is important to realize that they all had their genesis at Sukhothai. Thai school children still memorize the lines from a famous stone inscription that dates to c. 1298 CE and evokes Sukhothai's prestige:

          This land of Sukhothai is thriving. There are fish in the water and rice in the fields. The lord of the realm does not levy toll on his subjects. They are free to lead their cattle or ride their horses and to engage in trade; whoever wants to trade in elephants, does so; whoever wants to trade in horses, does so; whoever wants to trade in silver and gold, does so.

          公元 19 世纪，泰国人开始将素可泰视为泰国文化的第一个绽放之地，并在其文化意识中占据重要地位。虽然素可泰城只繁荣了不到 200 年，但毫无疑问，它在随后的泰国历史进程及其文化中留下了持久的印记。当人们想到泰语字母表、泰式建筑和泰式雕塑时，必须意识到它们都起源于素可泰。泰国学校的学生至今仍能背诵约公元 1298 年的著名石刻碑文，该碑文唤起了素可泰曾经的威望：

          这片土地欣欣向荣。水里有鱼，田里有稻。君主不向臣民征收贡赋。臣民可以自由地放牧、骑马和从事贸易；谁想交易大象，就交易大象；谁想交易马匹，就交易马匹；谁想交易金银，就交易金银。  

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原文作者：James Blake Wiener

原文网址: https://www.worldhistory.org/Sukhothai/