Leviathan - 05 (zy)
★★★PART 2 OF COMMONWEALTH★★★
====CHAPTER XVII ：OF THE CAUSES, GENERATION, AND DEFINITION OF A COMMONWEALTH
in small numbers, small additions on the one side or the other,
make the advantage of strength so great, as is sufficient to carry
the victory; and therefore gives encouragement to an invasion.
men are continually in competition for honour and
dignity, which bees are not; and consequently amongst
men there ariseth on that ground, envy and hatred, and finally war;
but amongst these not so.
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Amongst these creatures, the common good differeth not from the private;
and being by nature inclined to their private, they procure thereby
the common公有的 benefit. But man, whose joy consisteth in comparing himself
with other men, can relish nothing but what is eminent明显的/杰出的.
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These creatures, having not (as man) the use of
reason, do not see, nor think they see any fault, in the administration
of their common business:whereas amongst men, there are very
many, that think themselves wiser, and abler to govern the public,
better than the rest; and these strive to reform and innovate, one this
way, another that way; and thereby bring it into distraction and civil war.
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these creatures, though they have some use of
voice, in making known to one another their desires, and other
affections感情; yet they want that art of ★words, by which some men can
represent to others, that which is good, in the likeness of evil; and
evil, in the likeness of good; and augment扩大, or diminish减少 the apparent
greatness of good and evil; discontenting不满的 men, and troubling their
peace at their pleasure.
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irrational creatures cannot distinguish between injury,
and damage; and therefore as long as they be at ease, they are
not offended with their fellows: whereas man is then most troublesome引起麻烦的,
when he is most at ease安逸: for then it is that he loves to shew展览 his
wisdom, and control the actions of them that govern the commonwealth.
(吃饱了撑的的意思？)
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Lastly, the agreement of these creatures is natural; that of
men, is by covenant契约 only, which is artificial: and therefore it is no
wonder if there be somewhat有点 else required (besides covenant) to
make their agreement constant and lasting; which is a common
power, to keep them in awe, and to direct their actions to the
common benefit.
The only way to erect建立 such a common power, as may be able
to defend them from the invasion of foreigners, and the injuries of
one another, and thereby to secure them in such sort, as that by their
own industry, and by the fruits成果 of the earth, they may nourish
themselves and live contentedly满足地;
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is, to confer给予 all their power and strength upon one man, or upon
one assembly集会 of men, that may reduce all their wills, by
plurality多数/多元 of voices, unto one will: to appoint one man,
or assembly of men, to bear their person;
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This is more than consent赞成, or concord和睦; it is a real unity of them all,
in one and the same person, made by covenant契约 of every man with every man,
in such manner, as if every man should say to every man, ★(I authorize
and give up my right of governing myself, to this man, or to this
assembly of men, on this condition, that thou give up thy right to
him, and authorize all his actions in like manner.)★
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This done, the multitude so united in one
person, is called a COMMONWEALTH.
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This is the generation of that great LEVIATHAN, or rather of that Mortal
God, to which we owe under the ★Immortal永生的 God, our peace and defence.
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which (to define it,) is one person, of whose acts a great multitude, by
mutual covenants契约 one with another, have made themselves every one the
author, to the end he may use the strength and means of them all, as
he shall think expedient权宜之计的(应急), for their peace and common defence.
