[胡]-11-1-外语教学
Ⅰ语言学与语言教学
Ⅱ语言学和语言学习
Ⅲ语言学和教学大纲设计
Ⅳ对比分析和错误分析
Ⅴ测试
Ⅵ语料库
Ⅶ外语教育政策和总结
对这一章我的评价是：大杂烩-记忆为主~学习参照[戴-10]，一脉相承
语言学&语言教学：
【名词解释-进化版本】——Linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. Such as lexicography, translation, the study of such applications is generally known as「Applied Linguistics」.
But in a narrow sense, Applied Linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages, such as syllabus, speech theory, language planning.[戴]
【选填判断】——
1.【语言教学】是【应用语言学】中的一部分，属于【语言学】及语言研究的范畴。
2.【应用语言学】is a bridge between the theories of linguistics and the practice of foreign language teaching. 老师们更好地教学，学生们更好地习得语言，双赢。
3. At the macro level, linguistic theories influcnce our general orientation in approaches to language teaching.
At the micro level, linguistic knowledge helps teachers better explain the specific language items they teach.
The Discourse-based View of Language Teaching：
【简述】——The discourse-based view of language focuses on complete spoken or written texts and on the social and cultural contexts over the words, clauses and sentence.
Accordingly, the discourse-based view of language teaching aims at developing discourse competence, which is similar to the well-known concept of communicative competence.
According to discourse theorists, language learners are supposed to know how and when to use the language in various settings, and to cognized various forms to enhance competence such as grammatical and pragmatic competence.
超过词汇、句子，而关注完整的语篇以及语篇所在的社会和文化背景。相应地，培养学习者的语篇能力。学习者要掌握如何及何时在不同情景用语言，也要会识别各种语言形式，以提高语法能力和语用能力等能力。
【名词解释+强化】——「Communicative Competence」refers to what a learners knows about how a language is used in particular situations for effective and appropriate communication.
Communicative Competence includes knowledge of grammar and vocabulary, knowledge of rules of speaking, knowledge of how to use and respond to different types of speech acts and social convention, and knowledge of how to use language appropriately.
[辨证概念]——与「Competence」-「Performance」中的「Competence」相比，「Communicative Competence」相当于能力和表现的优化结合。但不宜结合，不宜替换，建议分开背。
该理念下的两个产物：CLT and TBLT.
the Communicative Language Teaching
the Task-based Language Teaching
任务类型有两种：「Real-world Tasks」and「Pedagogical Tasks」.
A Real-World Task is very close to something we do in daily life or work.
I.e. students may be asked to work in groups, discuss how the sports facilities in their school can be improved, and make some suggestion to the headmaster.
同时，Pedagogical Tasks are those activities that students do in the classroom but those may not take place in real life.
例如，学生两人一组，教师给每个人发一张图片，图片上的大部分内容是相同的，但是还有一些不同之处，活动要求找出来和描述这些不同。
又因为这些任务基于语篇观的教学，in the sense that it is designed to help the students to learn or review certain language knowledge or skills, instead of practise particular linguistic item.
语篇为基础的语言教学-缺点：
It overemphasizes语言习得过程中的external factors而没有对internal learning process给予足够的重视。
它与「行为主义语言习得观」有一个共同之处，即把environmental factors和input视为语言习得的核心。
它默认了学习能力的存在，高估其作用，却没有注意到指导语言习得的一些普遍规律。
The Universal Grammar and Language Teaching：
UG起源内容在[戴-10] 儿童语言习得. 而在此仅涉及【选填判断】——
1.普遍语法首要回答的问题是<为什么第一语言习得可以基于少量的外界输出可以得到普遍的语言能力？>
2.普遍语法认为语言习得的本质不依赖于外界的语言输出，也不在于模仿、重复与实践。
3.根据乔姆斯基的UG, [胡]得到了that language learning is not a matter of habit formation, but an activity of building and testing hypothesis.
4.普遍语法认为there are a deep structure, a surface structure and some transformational rules.
5.语言输入是贫乏的，仅靠语言输入或仅靠模仿、重复、练习与巩固是不足以习得语言。
6.人们在说话时不少有口误、含糊不清、咋舌，降低了语言输入的质量。在此情况下，输入端也没有语法纠正，但正因为<学习者可以感知到哪些语言是不能被接受的>反证了UG的存在。
7.起初UG不是为了二语习得，却给了二语习得提供了极大的启发。
8+9+10+11. 弊端有肆条
(a).忽视语言习得的过程，淡化<熟能生巧>而强调内在的天赋。
(b).过分关注普遍的语法规律，而忽视了每种语言独特之美。
(c).语言最重要的用途在于交际，而被普遍语法忽略。
(d).乔姆斯基着重解释和描述内在的LAD-UG之类的，而这又很难被证实。
[杂谈]——弊端可以被推导出来的~领域拓展，
(a).【天赋】和【努力】的辩证关系，哪个决定论？目前来说是【天赋】，即LAD-UG。但过分强调【关键少数】的【天赋】，而忽略【勤奋和努力】是不行的。
(b).【共性】与【个性】的辩证关系，LAD-UG在乎普遍规律，假设的是大脑中存在想象的“黑匣子”存在适用于所有语言学习的天赋机制。
(c). 在[戴-10]说过这属于【唯心主义】。假如在同级无法合理的解释和预测，往形而上的上级走而引入类似于<宇宙的监管者><上帝神>就更难解释和预测了。
《这话千万别乱说呀~卷子上可不能这样写，就复试口述时说说让考官耳目一新》
