【龙腾网】早期人类是如何在没有船的情况下从非洲播散到各大洲的?

正文翻译

How did early humans spread to all continents from Africa without a boat?

早期人类是如何在没有船的情况下从非洲走到各大洲的?

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Profile photo for Joseph Fulginiti
They mainly walked. During the last Ice Age sea levels were considerably lower than they are now exposing land bridges. There were also periods of time that the impassable desserts were more lush.
Now, depending on what you mean by early humans, they also “island hopped”. Taking small rafts or canoes from one island to the next. That’s how the original indigenous peoples reached Australia about 50,000 years ago. It is now believed the South American settlers may have hugged the North American coastline on boats until they reached the southern continent. (Of course they stopped for bathroom breaks.)

他们主要靠走。在上一个冰河时期，海平面比现在露出来的陆桥要低得多。也有段时期，不可逾越的沙漠更广阔。现在取决于你所说的早期人类是什么意思，他们乘小木筏或独木舟从一个岛到下一个岛。这就是5万年前土著居民到达澳大利亚的方法。现在人们相信，南美的定居者可能是乘船沿着北美的海岸线到达南部大陆的。(他当然们也会停下来上个厕所。)

Profile photo for Claire Jordan
The first humans to leave Africa seem to have done so from the Horn of Africa to Yemen. At its narrowest point the Red Sea is iirc nine miles across - close enough that they could see trees and grass on the far side - and there’s an island partway, so they only had to paddle their canoes or rafts a few miles at a time. At a pinch they could even have swum across. It’s also possible to walk from Egypt to Israel overland, provided you have a couple of days’ supply of food and water with you.
That gave humans access to Asia and Europe - from the Middle East, they just had to walk. Humans penetrated as far east as Kamchatka, then crossed to Alaska either by walking across the land bridge which existed at the time, or by canoeing along the edge of it, camping on land at night. From there they could get to anywhere in the mainland Americas by walking.
The only time proper sea-going ships were required was to get from the south of mainland Asia to Indonesia, Australia and various small islands. We must assume that by that point they had developed better canoes and rafts, like the ones used to settle the Pacific islands. But note that humans only made it as far as New Zealand less than a thousand years ago.

第一批离开非洲的人类似乎是从非洲之角（译注:非洲之角又称东北非洲，作为一个半岛，则又称索马里半岛，位于非洲东北部，是东非的一个半岛，在亚丁湾南岸，向东伸入阿拉伯海数百公里）到达也门。红海最窄的地方只有九英里宽，近得可以看到远处对岸的树木和草地，中间还有个岛，所以他们每次只需要划几英里的独木舟或木筏。必要时他们甚至可以游过去。你也可以走陆路从埃及到以色列，只要你带了几天的食物和水。通过中东，人类得以穿越亚欧两州，只是不得不步行。人类向东深入到堪察加半岛，然后通过当时存在的大陆桥穿越到阿拉斯加，或者沿着它的边缘划独木舟，晚上就在陆地上露营。从那里他们可以步行到美洲大陆的任何地方。唯一需要正规海船的是从亚洲大陆南部到印度尼西亚、澳大利亚和各种小岛的时期。我们必须假设，在那时，他们已经发明了更好的独木舟和木筏，就像在太平洋岛屿上定居的那种。但请注意，人类在不到一千年前才到达新西兰。

Profile photo for Arni Highfield
You should read the book, or watch the BBC documentary ‘The Incredible Human Journey’ by Dr. Alice Roberts
This describes precisely what you are asking.

你应该读读书，或者看看英国广播公司(BBC)的纪录片《不可思议的人类之旅》，作者是爱丽丝·罗伯茨博士。这正好描述了你想问的。

Piet Bakx
We do not know when the first humans left Africa. We have two glaciations in our human past. One from 238k to 126k years ago and one from 110k to 12k years ago. The sea level was more that 100m lower during those glaciations. The interglacial between the first and second glaciation is rather short compared with the length of the glaciations. The tropical regions were very well suited for humans and during the interglacial they could have moved to the north. I have never seen articles about presence of humans in the America’s during the interglacial between 126k and 110k. The Neanderthal humans could have been living and roaming the European fields and forests during the interglaciation. Also the Denisovan humans lived during these millennia in Asia.

我们不知道第一批人类是何时离开非洲的。人类历史上有两次冰期。一个是从23.8万年前到12.6万年前，另一个是从11万年前到1.2万年前。在那些冰河时期，海平面要低100多米。第一次和第二次间冰期之间的间冰期相对较短。热带地区非常适合人类，在间冰期，他们可以向北迁移。我从来没有见过关于在间冰期12.6万年前到11万年前之间的美国有人类存在的文章。尼安德特人可能在间冰期生活在欧洲的田野和森林里。此外，丹尼索瓦人在亚洲生活了数千年。
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Kevin De la Bat
You have made an assumption that early humans didn't have boats.
Yes they may not have had complex ships, but are rafts and dugout canoes so hard to make? The only raw materials needed are an axe and trees.
So all that is missing is an idea, would it be so hard to see a tree floating past and think “I could get on that”
The Polynesians explored the entire pacific with basically that tool kit. An idea, trees and stone tools.
The Pesse canoe has been carbon dated to around 8000 BCE.

你假设了早期人类没有船。是的，他们可能没有复杂的船，但木筏和独木舟就那么难做吗?唯一需要的原材料是一把斧头和树木。
所以我们缺少的只是一个概念，看到一棵漂浮的树想着"我能乘那个"，就这么难吗？
波利尼西亚人就是用这种工具探索了整个太平洋。一个想法，树木和石器。经碳测定，云杉独木舟的年代约为公元前8000年。

Steve Dutch
They walked from Africa to Asia and thence to Europe. During the Pleistocene, when sea level was lower, they walked to the Americas. Although they could also have used boats, which existed by that time. Boats are also how they got to Australia.

他们从非洲走到亚洲，再从那里走到欧洲。在海平面较低的更新世（译注:更新世是冰川作用活跃的时期，开始于1 806 000年（±5000年）前，结束于11 550年前，是构成地球历史的第四纪冰川的两个世中较长的第一个世，在此期间发生了一系列冰川期和间冰川期气候回旋）时期，他们步行到了美洲。尽管他们也可以使用当时已经存在的船。他们也是通过船只到达澳大利亚的。

Chris Spencer
Africa, Asia and Europe are all part of the same landmass - no boats required.
The Americas are joined, and it is usually thought that humans arrived there during an ice age, when sea levels were much lower, and there was a land bridge from Asia to Alaska. However, that was well after boats were invented, so they could just as easily have moved along the shore.
Australia has probably never had a land bridge - but the channels would have been quite narrow when sea levels were low, so simple boats and rafts would have been used.
The only continent which is difficult to reach is Antarctica - and we only got there a few centuries ago (not that it is habitable).

非洲、亚洲和欧洲都是同一块陆地的一部分，不需要船。美洲大陆是连在一起的，人们通常认为人类是在冰河时代到达那里的，那时海平面要低得多，而且从亚洲到阿拉斯加有一座大陆桥。然而，那是在船发明之后很久的事了，所以他们可以很容易地沿着海岸移动。澳大利亚可能从来没有大陆桥，但当海平面很低时，水道会很窄，所以人们会使用简单的船和木筏到达。唯一难以到达的大陆是南极洲——我们几个世纪前才到达那里(并不是说那里适合居住)。

Profile photo for Nick Elliott
How did humans spread to different continents before boats?
As boats are thought to date back at least 900,000 years, they didn't.

在有船之前，人类是如何播散到不同的大陆的?船被认为至少有90万年的历史，但实际上并没有。

Logan Bolan
They walked. The Ice Age locked up enough water from the oceans that the area between Asia and modern day Alaska that there was a whole ecosystem called Beringia. During the same time period, humans walked from France to Britain. During other periods of time, the ancestor of Homo floriensis walked out to the island of Flores out in Indonesia. When the sealevel rose, they were cut off from the mainland and evolved their own if stunted hominin species.

他们用走的。冰河时代，在亚洲和现在的阿拉斯加之间从，海洋中锁住了足够的水形成了一个完整的生态系统，叫做白令陆桥。在同一时期，人类从法国步行到了英国。在其他时期，弗洛里人的祖先走到印尼的弗洛里岛。当海平面上升时，它（他？）们与大陆的联系被切断了，并自我进化出了发育不良的古人类物种。
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Tamara Wilhite
Walked, mostly. That’s the likely method the mammoth hunters followed from Asia to North America. Hunters leaving Africa were likely following the animals, too.

走,主要是走。这可能是猛犸象猎人从亚洲到北美所遵循的方法。离开非洲的猎人很可能也在跟踪这些动物。

Miguel Corazao
Ummm … I think there is some context behind the question that needs to be shared. But just to share a few thoughts that may answer the question.
Mankind has had boats of various types for an extremely long time. Some people mistakenly believe boats were only invented as part of civilization but this is not the case.
It is important to remember that many continents are connected (Eurasia and Africa, North and South America) and in prehistoric times there were other land connections, especially Eurasia and North America.
The other thing to understand is that skilled sailors can travel far further in primitive boats than you might think. The settlement of the Polynesian islands, for example, was done using very simple boats and navigation technology.

呃...我认为这个问题背后有一些需要分享的背景。但我只想分享一些可能回答这个问题的想法。
有些人错误地认为船只是文明的一部分，但事实并非如此。重要的是要记住，许多大陆是连接在一起的(欧亚大陆和非洲，北美和南美)，在史前时期，还有其他陆地连接，特别是欧亚大陆和北美。另一件需要了解的事情是，熟练的水手可以乘坐原始的船只旅行远比你想象的远。例如，波利尼西亚群岛的居民就使用了非常简单的船只和导航技术。

Himanshu Jain
I don’t have a real answer to this but interested in this topic so pitching in with some thoughts. If one observes carefully then from Africa to Asia & Europe one could have just walked on land and reached at various places (Now ofcourse there is a strait on Red Sea). Also the distance between Russia (on the Asian side) and Alaska in North America is just 85 km with two islands in between seperated by a distance of just 4 km. Hence even in olden times reaching between these two continents may not have been impossible. From there one can walk to South America (ofcourse again now we have the Panama Canal). This leaves out Australia which is hard for me fathom how early humans may have reached there.

我没有一个真正的答案，但对这个话题很感兴趣，所以贡献一些想法。如果你仔细观察，那么从非洲到亚洲和欧洲，你从陆地上行走，就可以到达不同的地方(当然现在红海上有一个海峡)。
此外，俄罗斯(在亚洲一侧)和北美的阿拉斯加之间的距离只有85公里，中间有两个岛屿，距离仅为4公里。因此，即使在远古时代，这两个大陆之间的联系也不是不可能的。从那里你可以步行到南美洲(当然，现在我们有了巴拿马运河)。这不包括澳大利亚，我很难理解早期人类是如何到达那里的。

Jim Roper
When they needed boats, they had boats. But, they walked from Africa to the Middle East to Asia, Europe, North America and South America (with help from boats at times). They took boats to Madagascar, Australia, Papua New Guinea and the rest of the Pacific Islands.

当他们需要船的时候，他们有船。但是，他们徒步从非洲到中东，再到亚洲、欧洲、北美和南美(有时需要船只的帮助)。他们乘船前往马达加斯加、澳大利亚、巴布亚新几内亚和其他太平洋岛屿。

Profile photo for Gloria Cole
Some continents such as the area between Spain and North Africa, or West Africa and the east coast of S. America have at times in the past been accessible on floating debris, or hand constructed rafts. In the Pacific, primitive craft was constructed very early to get from one island to another.
And of course the new world was populated by Siberians walking across the Bering St. land bridge.

一些大陆，如西班牙和北非之间的地区，或西非和南美东海岸，在过去有时可以通过漂浮的残骸或手工制作的木筏到达。在太平洋上，人们很早就制造出了原始的船只，用来从一个岛划到另一个岛。