Introduction to Psychology - 0101

Critical thinkers, scientists, and psychologists, in contrast, 

are skeptical of their own theories

Three areas of ethical伦理的 concern in behavioral research are the 

use of deception欺骗, invasion of privacy,and the risk of lasting harm. 

Because of confirmation bias, people only remember predictions that 

seemed to come true and forget all the errors.

Basic Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Researchers:

Do no harm.

Accurately describe risks to potential participants.

Ensure that participation is voluntary.

Minimize any discomfort to participants.

Maintain confidentiality.

Do not unnecessarily invade privacy.

Use deception only when absolutely necessary.

Remove any misconceptions caused by deception (debrief).

Provide results and interpretations to participants.

Treat participants with dignity and respect.

Like a melody, many experiences cannot be broken into smaller units.

According to Freud, our behavior is deeply influenced by unconscious 

thoughts, impulses, and desires———especially those concerning sex and aggression.

★Cultural relativity———the idea that behavior must be judged relative 

to the values of the culture in which it occurs—can greatly affect 

the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

A single perspective is unlikely to fully explain complex human behavior.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that prompts people to act in

ways that make the prediction come true.

People sometimes become what we prophesy★预言 for them. It is wise to 

remember that others tend to live up or down to our expectations for them.

 9. Yes. It appears to be difficult for humans to 

resist thinking of other species and even machines in human terms

★Psychology in Action：

1: Be skeptical怀疑的.

2: Consider the source of information.

3: Beware of oversimplifications, especially those motivated by monetary货币的 gain.

4: Remember, “for example” is no proof.

5: Ask yourself if there was a control group.

6: Look for errors in distinguishing between correlation相互关系 

and causation因果关系.

7: Be sure to distinguish between observation评论 and inference结论.