英语辩论单词笔记1-1 言论自由pk冒犯性言论
peasant
a poor farmer who owns or rents a small amount of land, either in past times or in poor countries 〔从前的或贫穷国家的〕农民，佃农
of·fen·sive
very rude or insulting and likely to upset people 无礼的，冒犯的，令人恼火的
opp(反义词): inoffensive
relating to getting points and winning a game, rather than stopping the other team from getting points 〔体育比赛中〕进攻的，攻势的
opp: defensive
de·nounce
to express strong disapproval of someone or something, especially in public 谴责，指责，斥责
to give information to the police or another authority about someone’s illegal political activities 告发，检举，举报〔某人的非法政治活动〕
ban·ish.
to not allow someone or something to stay in a particular place 驱逐，赶走；驱除，排除
ec·cle·si·as·ti·cal
relating to the Christian church or its priests 基督教会的；基督教士的
Chris·tian: a person who believes in the ideas taught by Jesus Christ 基督徒
priests
someone who is specially trained to perform religious duties and ceremonies in the Christian church 〔基督教的〕牧师，神父
Christian
a man with religious duties and responsibilities in some non-Christian religions 〔基督教之外一些宗教的〕教士，祭司，神职人员
rid·i·cule
unkind laughter or remarks that are intended to make someone or something seem stupid 嘲笑，奚落
The government’s proposals were held up to ridicule (= suffered ridicule) by opposition ministers.
政府的提案遭到反对党部长们的嘲笑。
He had become an object of ridicule among the other teachers.
他成了其他教师嘲笑的对象。
pam·phlet
rel(相关词):leaf·let
a very thin book with paper covers, that gives information about something 小册子
leaf·let:a small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving information on a particular subject 散页印刷品；传单；广告单；〔广告或提供资料的〕小册子
a·the·is·m
the belief that God does not exist 无神论
rel: agnosticism (agnostic)
someone who believes that people cannot know whether God exists or not 不可知论者
boo
to shout ‘boo’ to show that you do not like a person, performance, idea etc 发嘘声，嘘（某人等）〔表示反感〕
She was booed off stage (= they shouted ‘boo’ until she left the stage).
她被一片嘘声轰下了台。
hiss
to say something in a loud whisper 低声呵斥，低声喝道
if a crowd hisses a speaker, they interrupt them with angry sounds to show that they do not like them 〔因不满而〕（对 ）发嘘声
He was booed and hissed during a stormy meeting.
他在闹哄哄的会议中被人喝倒彩、发嘘声。
cha·me·le·on
1.a LIZARD that can change its colour to match the colours around it 变色龙，变色蜥蜴
2.someone who changes their ideas, behaviour etc to fit different situations 善变的人，见风使舵的人
lizard: a type of reptile that has four legs and a long tail 蜥蜴
rep·tile:
1.a type of animal, such as a snake or LIZARD, whose body temperature changes according to the temperature around it, and that usually lays eggs to have babies 爬行动物
2. informal【非正式】 someone who is unpleasant or cannot be trusted 可鄙的人；不可信赖的人
issue v.(在视频中是名词)
to officially produce something such as new stamps, coins, or SHAREs and make them available to buy 正式发行〔新邮票、硬币、股票等〕
lad
old-fashioned or informal【过时或非正式】 a boy or young man 男孩；年轻男子，小伙子
the lads
spoken【口】 a group of male friends that a man works with or spends his free time with 伙伴，哥们儿
mag
informal【非正式】 a magazine 杂志
music mags
音乐杂志
pre·serve
to save something or someone from being harmed or destroyed 维护，保护，保存〔使免受破坏〕
clamp down
to take firm action to stop a particular type of crime 取缔；压制；钳制；镇压
crime
illegal activities in general 〔泛指〕犯罪活动
Don’t use ‘the crime’ when talking about illegal activities in general. crime泛指犯罪活动时，前面不加the。 You say 要说:
Crime has increased dramatically.
犯罪活动大幅度增加。
Don’t say 不要说: The crime has increased dramatically.
语法
3.1 Countable and uncountable nouns 可数和不可数名词
Countable nouns have a singular and plural form. You can use them with a/an and with numbers. 可数名词有单数和复数形式，可与 a/an 或数词连用。
There’s a man here to see you. 有个人要见你。
I’ve just bought two T-shirts. 我刚买了两件 T 恤。
Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form. You cannot use them with a/an and they are followed by a singular verb. 不可数名词没有复数形式，不与 a/an 连用，后接单数动词。
✓The book contains a lot of useful information. 这本书里有很多有用的信息。
× The book contains a lot of useful informations.
✓The information in this book is very useful. 这本书里的信息很有用。
× The informations in this book are very useful.
To refer to quantity with uncountable nouns, you can use a phrase with a countable noun + of. 要表达不可数名词的数量，可用可数名词加 of 构成的短语。
a piece of advice 一条建议
a packet of sugar 一包糖
an item of clothing 一件衣服
a tube of toothpaste 一管牙膏
a sheet of paper 一张纸
a litre of milk 一升牛奶
a bar of soap 一块肥皂
a kilo of sugar 一公斤糖
a slice of cake 一块蛋糕
a gram of flour 一克面粉
a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡
a metre of cable 一米电缆
Some nouns can be countable or uncountable, but with a change in meaning. 有些名词既可作 可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但意思不同。
Do you like coffee? (uncountable = the drink) 你喜欢咖啡吗？（不可数，指饮品）
I’ll have a coffee, please. (countable = a cup of the drink) 请给我一杯咖啡。（可数，指一杯饮品）
She’s very good at painting. (uncountable = the activity) 她很擅长绘画。（不可数，指活动）
It’s one of the artist’s best paintings. (countable = work of art) 这是这位画家最优秀的画作之一。（可数，指艺术品）
I need some writing paper. (uncountable = the material) 我需要一些信纸。（不可数，指材料）
He’s gone out to buy a paper. (countable = newspaper) 他出去买报纸了。（可数，指报纸）
Sometimes, you can use an uncountable noun as countable (usually in the plural form), to talk about a particular type of something. 有时不可数名词可作可数用（一般用复数形式），表示一类 事物。
Fatty foods are bad for your health. 高脂食品对身体有害。
There are many different skin creams. 润肤霜有很多种。
3.2 Singular and plural nouns 单数和复数名词
Some nouns look like plural nouns because they end in -s, but they are, in fact, uncountable. You use a singular verb with these nouns. 有些名词以 -s 结尾，看起来像复数名词，但实际为不 可数名词。这类名词后接单数动词。
Many of these are subjects that you can study 这些名词很多为学科名称 (e.g. 如 business studies, electronics, genetics, home economics, linguistics).
Physics is my favourite subject at school. 物理是我在学校最喜欢的科目。
Others are types of physical activity 其他为体育运动类别 (e.g. 如 aerobics, athletics, gymnastics).
I realized that athletics was great fun. 我意识到田径运动非常有趣。
There are also some names of diseases that are uncountable but end in –s 有些疾病名是不可数 的，但也以 -s 结尾 (e.g. 如 diabetes, measles, mumps, rabies, shingles).
Shingles is most common in older adults. 带状疱疹在年纪大些的成年人中最常见。
You can use some nouns with a singular or plural verb, depending on the meaning 有些名词既可后接单数动词，也可后接复数动词，具体使用取决于其词义 (e.g.如 acoustics, economics, logistics,semantics, statistics).
You use a singular verb when talking about the subject of study. 指学科时后接单数动词。
Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources. 经济学是研究人们如何使用资源的学科。
Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics. 空气动力学是动力学的一个分支。
You use a plural verb when talking about a particular feature or aspect of something. 指某事物的某个特色或方面时后接复数动词。
The economics are simple. (= the economic aspects, the way in which money influences something) 经济账容易算。
The aerodynamics of a racing car are very important. (= the aerodynamic qualities) 跑车的空气动力性能非常重要。
Some nouns end in -s in both the singular and plural form 有些以 -s 结尾的名词单复数同形 (e.g.如 means, series, crossroads, species).
This is my favourite comedy series. 这是我最喜欢的喜剧类剧集。| Both series are available on DVD. 两部剧集都有 DVD 版本。
Some nouns are only plural and are followed by a plural verb. These are usually nouns that refer to things with two parts 有些名词仅作复数名词，后接复数动词，这些名词一般指由两部分组成的物品 (e.g. 如 binoculars, jeans, pyjamas, scissors, shorts, trousers) and other nouns ending in –s 或为其他以 –s 结尾的名词 (e.g. 如 belongings, clothes, congratulations, earnings,outskirts, surroundings).
The scissors are in that drawer. 剪刀在那个抽屉里。| I believe congratulations are in order. 我想 应该祝贺你。
To count nouns that refer to things with two parts, you can use a pair of. 要计数由两部分组成的物品名词，可用 a pair of。
I’ve just bought two pairs of jeans. 我刚买了两条牛仔裤。
3.3 Collective nouns 集合名词
Collective nouns (also called group nouns) are nouns that refer to a group of people. 集合名词指一群人。
audience, band, committee, company, congregation, family, government, jury, team
These nouns are usually followed by a singular verb.
这些名词一般后接单数动词。
The government has to do something. 政府要有所作为。
The team plays in red and white. 球队 身穿红白相间的运动服参赛。
In British English, these nouns can take a singular or plural verb. Singular verb forms are common when we think of the group of people as a whole, as a single unit. Plural verb forms are common when the noun refers to the members of the group considered as individuals. 在英国英语中，这些名词可后接单数或复数动词。名词所指群体视作单一整体时，常接单数动词。名词所指为群体中的单个个体时，常接复数动词。
Mario’s family is Italian. (= the group as a whole) 马里奥一家是意大利人。
| Mario’s family have decided to move to Florence. (= each individual in the group) 马里奥一家已决定搬到佛罗伦萨。
3.4 Nouns and prepositions 名词和介词
Preposition + noun 介词 + 名词
Many nouns are used with particular prepositions in fixed phrases. Here are some common preposition + noun combinations. 很多名词和特定介词连用构成固定短语。以下为一些常用的 “介词 + 名词”组合。
at breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper 在吃早餐/中餐/正餐/晚餐
in conclusion 最后
at the cinema/theatre 在电影院/剧院
in my opinion 在我看来
at university 在大学念书
in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早上/下午/晚上
by accident 因意外
in the world 在世界上
by bike/bus/car/boat/train/plane/sea/air 骑自行车/坐公交车/坐小汽车/乘船/坐火车/乘飞机/由海路/乘飞机
on fire 着火
for breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper 作为早餐/中餐/正餐/晚餐
on foot 步行
Sometimes you can use more than one preposition with a noun, but the meaning is different. 有时一个名词可与不同的介词连用，意思也不同。
Make sure you arrive for your interview on time. (= at the right time, not late) 去面试一定要准时到。
I hope my passport arrives in time. (= with enough time to be able to do something, before something happens) 希望我的护照能及时送达。
She got up three times in the night. (= during the night) 她夜里起了三次。
Never go out alone at night. (= when it is night and not day) 晚上不要一个人外出。
He’s on television tonight. (= appearing on a programme) 他今晚会在电视上出镜。
She works in television. (= in the business of television) 她从事电视行业。
Noun + preposition 名词 + 介词
Many nouns are followed by particular prepositions. Here are some common noun + preposition combinations. 很多名词后接特定介词。以下为一些常用的“名词 + 介词”组合。
advice on/about 有关...的建议
increase in ...的增长
answer to 对...的解答
information about/on 有关...的信息
argument about (something)/with (someone) 有关（某事）/ 和（某人）的争论
interest in ...方面的兴趣
lack of 缺乏
beginning of ...的开始
need for ...方面的需求
cause of ...的原因
permission for 对 ...的同意
comment on 对 ...的评论
problem with ...出的问题
decrease in ...的减少
proof of ...的证据
difference between ...之间的不同
reaction to 对 ...的反应
example of ...的例子
reply to 对 ...的回答
search for 对 ...的搜索
To find the right preposition(s) to use with a noun, look up the noun in the dictionary. 想要了解某名词应与什么介词连用，可在本词典中查这个名词。
3.5 Using articles with nouns 名词与冠词连用
When to use a/an 何时用 a/an
You use the indefinite article a/an with singular countable nouns. Use it 可数名词单数形式前用 不定冠词 a/an。a/an 可用于以下情况:
to talk about any one of a group, kind or class, without saying which particular thing, person, place etc you mean 泛指某一群体、种类或类别中的一个，而非特指某一物、某一人或某一地 等时
There’s a car parked outside their house. 他们房子外停了一辆车。
She was talking to an old man. 她正和一位老人谈话。
with jobs, nationalities and religions/beliefs 与表示职业、国籍、宗教/信仰的词连用
He’s a plumber. 他是个管子工。
My father is an Italian. 我父亲是意大利人。
I’m an atheist. 我是无神论者。
to define something or say what it is used for 要定义某物或描述其用途时
A zebra is a wild animal that looks like a horse. 斑马是一种野生动物，看起来像马。
She uses this room as a studio. 她把这个房间用作工作室。
with large numbers and fractions, to mean ‘one’ 与较大的数字或分数连用，意为“一”时
a thousand 一千 | one and a half 一个半 | a quarter 四分之一 | half a mile 半英里
with expressions of quantity and frequency, to mean ‘each’ or ‘per’ 与数量词或频度词连用， 意为“每个”或“每一”时
six euros a kilo 每公斤六欧元 | two dollars a bag 一袋两美元
twice a day 一天两次 | 80 miles an hour 一小时八十英里
When to use the 何时用 the
You use the definite article the 定冠词 the 可用于以下情况:
when you are talking about something unique or specific, or something the reader or listener already knows about 所指之物为独有或特指，或已为读者、听者了解时
the moon 月亮 | the sun 太阳 | the world 世界 | the sky 天空
I didn’t like the music in the film. 我不喜欢这部影片的配乐。
All the computers in the building were down. 这栋大楼里的计算机全瘫痪了。
No one knows who committed the crime. 没人知道这起罪案是谁犯下的。
They go to the school in the village. 他们去村里的学校上学。
with the names of some countries, oceans/seas, rivers, deserts, mountain ranges and regions 某些国家、海洋、河流、沙漠、山脉、地区名称前
the UK 英国
the Atlantic 大西洋
the Black Sea 黑海
the Mississippi 密西西比河
the Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠
the Andes 安第斯山脉
with the names of hotels, cinemas, theatres, museums and newspapers 酒店、影院、剧院、 博物馆、报纸名称前
the Hilton 希尔顿酒店
the Odeon 欧迪恩影院
the National Theatre 英国国家剧院
the New York Times《纽约时报》
with surnames, adjectives of nationality and other adjectives, when they are used as nouns to refer to a group of people 姓氏名、国籍的形容词形式及其他形容词前，用作名词，指代一 群人
the Johnsons (= the Johnson family) 约翰逊一家
the Italians (= people from Italy) 意大利人
the poor (= poor people) 穷人
When not to use an article 何时不用冠词
You do not use an article 以下情况不用冠词:
with uncountable or plural nouns, when you are talking about something in general 泛指某类 事物的不可数名词或复数名词前
I like music. 我喜欢音乐。
Crime is increasing in this area. 这个地区的罪案数在增加。
with the names of people, most countries, continents, cities, towns and states, streets, squares and parks 人名、大多数国家名、大洲名、城市名、城镇名、州名、街道名、广场名、 公园名前
Emma Jones 埃玛·琼斯
Japan 日本
Europe 欧洲
Paris 巴黎
Washington 华盛顿
Downing Street 唐宁街
Trafalgar Square 特拉法尔加广场
Hyde Park 海德公园
with meals, games, sports, school subjects and languages 三餐、游戏、体育运动、学科、语 言名称前
Have you had breakfast? 你早餐吃了没？
I love chess. 我喜欢下国际象棋。
Do you play basketball? 你打篮球吗？
She’s always hated Maths. 她一直讨厌数学。
Do you speak English? 你会说英语吗？
with times, months or days 表示时间、月份、星期的词之前
We went to bed at midnight. 我们午夜时分上床睡觉。
I’ll see you on Tuesday. 我礼拜二见你。
They’re getting married in May. 他们将在五月份结婚。
with institutions and places 机构名或地名前 (e.g. 如 school, prison, hospital, college, university, church), when you are talking about the purpose they are used for 侧重其功用时
When did you start school? (as a student) 你什么时候开始上学？
She is in hospital. (as a patient) 她住院了。
but 但是:
There was a fire in the school four years ago. (the building itself) 四年前学校失过一次火。
She went to the hospital to see her friend. (as a visitor) 她去医院看望朋友。
pa·ram·e·ter
[C usually plural 一般用复数]C在这里表示可数，countable
a set of fixed limits that control the way that something should be done 限定因素；界限，范围
ex·clude
1.to deliberately not include something 〔故意〕不包括；把 排除在外
opp: include
In everyday English, people usually say leave something or someone out rather than exclude something or someone.在日常英语中，人们一般说leave something/someone out，而不说exclude something/someone
Some information was left out of the report.
有些消息报道中并没有提到。
We didn’t mean to leave you out.
我们并非故意把你遗漏的。
2.to not allow someone to take part in something or not allow them to enter a place, especially in a way that seems wrong or unfair 〔尤指以看起来错误或不公正的方式〕不准 参与，不准 进入，排斥〔某人〕
opp. include
3.BrE【英】 to officially make a child leave their school because of their bad behaviour 开除〔举止不端的学童〕
4.to decide that something is not a possibility 认为 不可能；排除 的可能性
SYN. rule out
At this stage we cannot entirely exclude the possibility of staff cuts.
到了这个阶段，我们不能完全排除裁员的可能性。
brand
1.to describe someone or something as a very bad type of person or thing, often unfairly 给 …加上〔往往是不公的〕恶名
brand sb (as) sth
You can’t brand all football supporters as hooligans.
你不能给所有的足球迷都加上流氓的恶名。
Stealing that money has branded Jim for life – no one will trust him again.
吉姆偷了那笔钱，就背上了一辈子的恶名，再也没有人信任他。
2.to burn a mark onto something, especially a farm animal, in order to show who it belongs to 给〔牲畜〕打烙印〔以标明其主人〕
brand sth with sth
Each cow was branded with the ranch’s logo.
每头母牛都烙上了该牧场的标记。
3.technical【术语】 to give a name to a product or group of products so that they can be easily recognized by their name or design 给〔产品〕设计品牌
