【帝国时代一】大和文明在官方文件中的描述
注：英语原文取自最古老版本的帝国时代一的帮助文件中，关于历史的文本量相当巨大，但在win7系统更新后，以win95为基础的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已经很难找到打开hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。
注：因为原hlp文件并未随着罗马复兴资料片的更新而更新，所以这个系列不包含新增的罗马、迦太基、马其顿和巴尔米拉文明。
注：因为年代久远（1996年左右），很多记述可能已经与最新的考古发现有着显著的差异。
注：蹩脚英语，翻译腔，懒得润色的语句。
注：英语原文放在前面，汉语翻译放在后面。
更多资料：
世界地理历史小常识04——日本（CV4765201）
这是帝国时代一相关文明说明文件翻译的第（12/12）部：
1.埃及：CV13647116
2.希腊：CV13828033
3.巴比伦：CV13907052
4.亚述：CV13984562
5.米诺斯：CV14070144
6.赫梯：CV14097823
7.腓尼基：CV14186644
8.苏美尔：CV14251992
9.波斯：CV14307291
10.商：CV14349315
11.朝鲜：CV14444428
12.大和： 本篇
Yamato culture (300 to 800 AD)
The Yamato period of Japanese culture is also called the age of the great tombs because of the appearance in these centuries of great tombs and tomb clusters, presumably for the burial of rulers and other elites. The name Yamato comes from the region of Japan that was the home of the first clan to consolidate rule over most of the islands. During the Yamato period, Japan accelerated its advance in technology by adopting the cultivation of rice, improving its pottery, developing iron working, building social hierarchies, and accomplishing a political, economic, and cultural consolidation of the islands.
Location
The hereditary lands of the Yamato clan are on a peninsula on the southwest coast of Ise Bay. This bay is located on the main island of Honshu, southwest of modern Tokyo.
Capital
Prior to the late seventh century AD, there was no permanent capital of Japan. Each king ruled from his own palace, which was usually abandoned following his death. As the Yamato began to adopt the Chinese system of governmental bureaucracy and organization, the need for a permanent seat of government arose. The first capital was founded at Fujiwara in 694 AD and served three emperors before being abandoned in 710. The second capital of this period was built at Heijo (west of modern Nara) and occupied from 710 to 784.
Rise to power
Chinese documents from the second century AD make reference to 100 countries existing in Wa, their name for Japan. By the third century the Chinese refer to a queen of Wa, probably of the Yamato clan, who had consolidated 30 countries under her rule. During this period, the Yamato clan consolidated its control over most of Japan.In the fourth century, the Yamato extended their rule into southern Korea until they were ousted by the Chinese in 562. For the next 100 years, the Yamato tried to reestablish their influence in Korea but they and their Korean allies suffered a devastating loss at the battle of Hakusukinoe in 663 that drove them from the peninsula.
Economy
The Japanese economy remained dependent on rice growing under the Yamato. It was primarily a barter economy and taxes were paid in rice, cloth, and other commodities by peasants who worked public lands. Beginning with the seventh century, coins were imported from China to facilitate tax collection. An attempt was made to mint Japanese coins, but rulers could not resist the temptation to debase the local coinage and it fell out of use.
Religion and culture
New concepts were added to the ancient Japanese beliefs and rituals during the Yamato period, including respect for clan ancestors and a mythology of divine ancestry for the Yamato dynasty. Under the influence of Chinese Buddhism, the Japanese religion became more formalized as Shinto, the Way of the Kami. The kami were an infinite number of natural spirits and powers that could be called upon for aid or appeased when angered. The hierarchy of Shinto divinities was defined and the mythology was written down. The rulers of Japan descended from the sun goddess, the supreme Shinto deity.Early Shinto was concerned with the present, not the past or an afterlife. It fostered a reverence for a natural universe that was seen as good and ethical. Evil was identified with impurity and the unnatural. Sincere honesty was the central virtue.Around the sixth century, Buddhism spread across the sea from China and began influencing Shinto. The Buddhist doctrine of salvation was especially popular with the common people.
Government
During the Yamato period, tribal states of various sizes and power were brought together gradually by a dynasty of Yamato clan rulers. The leader of the Yamato in the second half of this period was known as the Dai or Great King. The power of the Yamato was expanded and strengthened through blood ties within the clan, their apparent military supremacy, diplomacy, and manipulation of the sun myth that bestowed divinity on their ancestry.The different tribal groups or clans were the nobility or uji class. Serving the uji was an occupational / professional class called the be, who worked as farmers, scribes, traders, and manufacturers. The lowest class were slaves. Immigrants fit in among both the uji and be, depending on their skills and wealth.
Architecture
The outstanding architectural achievements of the Yamato are their tombs. These are mounds of earth in the shape of a keyhole if viewed from above. The largest tombs are found in the Yamato region of Japan, and this is further evidence of power emanating from that locale. The Nintoku tomb on the Osaka Plain rivals the Pyramids in size. The central tomb is 500 meters long and 35 meters high. It is surrounded by three moats with intervening belts of trees and covers 80 acres. Stone burial chambers were excavated in the earth below the central tomb mound.Tombs thought related to the imperial family are now controlled by a government agency. Although some have been pillaged in the past, many remain unexcavated.
Military
Based on the large numbers of warrior figures, weapons, and pieces of armor found in burial tombs from this era, warfare was apparently a common feature of Yamato culture. Despite the existence of a dominant ruler, clan groups found reason for conflict. All adult men were available for military service and were required to serve for at least one year. The uji class provided the elite troops and officers for armies.Warrior figures from tombs are shown wearing full body armor and visored helmets. The most commonly found weapons are swords, spears, and bow quivers. Horse figures are also found in abundance, suggesting the existence of cavalry. The sudden appearance of horses in burial goods around the fifth century has led to the hypothesis that Japan was invaded by a cavalry army at that time. It is more probable that the horse was an import that became a status symbol for the elite who were most likely to receive a ceremonial burial. The elite uji class made up the cavalry of the period because they could afford the horse and equipment.
Legacy
The Yamato period is remembered for the sun goddess mythology from which all later emperors of Japan claimed divine ancestry. The Yamato period also formalized the Shinto religion that would compete with imported Buddhism to the present day. Most modern Japanese consider themselves descendants of the Yamato. The great tombs spread about the countryside are the most material legacy.
大和文明（300至800年）
日本文明的大和时期也被称为大冢时代（古坟时代），因为在这几个世纪间出现了大概是为了埋葬统治者或其他贵族的大坟墓和墓群。大和这个名字来自于日本的一个地区，是第一个巩固统治大部分岛屿的家族的所在地。在大和时期，日本通过种植水稻、改进陶器、发展制铁业、建立社会等级制度、完善岛屿政治经济文化建设，加速了技术进步。
位置
大和的世袭土地位于伊势湾西南海岸的一个半岛上，这个海湾位于本州岛上，现代东京的西南方。
首都
公元七世纪末之前，日本没有固定的首都。每一个国王都在自己的宫殿中统治，这座宫殿通常在其死后被遗弃。当大和采用中国的政府官僚和组织体制时，需要一个永久的政府席位。第一个首都在公元694年于藤原建立，公元710年被遗弃之前曾为三位皇帝服务。这一时期的第二个首都是平城（现代奈良的西边），从710年至784年作为首都。
发展壮大
公元二世纪的中国文献提到了在倭存在着100多个国家，倭这个名字指代日本。到了第三世纪，中国人提到了倭国女王，可能是大和家族的人，在她的统治下，统一了30多个国家，在这一时期，大和氏族巩固了对日本大部分地区的控制，在第四世纪，大和氏族将统治扩展到韩国，直到562年被中国人赶走。在接下来的100年里，大和试图重建他们在韩国的影响力，但是他们和他们的韩国盟友在663年的白江口战役遭受了毁灭性的损失，这场战争把他们赶出了朝鲜半岛。
经济
大和时期的日本经济十分依赖水稻种植，这基本是一种易货经济，农民在公共土地上劳作，用大米、布料和其他商品支付税款。从七世纪开始，硬币被从中国引入便于征税。曾有人试图铸造日本硬币，但统治者无法控制住通货膨胀的诱惑，于是其失去了作用。
宗教文化
在大和时期，日本的古代信仰和仪式中加入了新的概念，包括对氏族祖先的尊重和大和王朝神性祖先的神话。在中国佛教的影响下，日本的宗教更加正式化成为神道教，神的道路。神是无数的自然意志和力量，可以被请求帮助，也可以被惹怒或安慰。神道教神灵的等级被定义，神话被记录。日本的统治者是太阳神，是神道教至高无上的神。早期神道教关注的是当下，而非过去或来世。它培养了人们对被视为良好的合乎道德的自然宇宙的崇敬。邪恶被认为是不洁的和不自然的。诚信为本是核心美德。大约六世纪左右，佛教从中国跨海而来，开始影响神道教。佛教的救世教义特别受普通人欢迎。
统治
在大和时期，大和氏族统治者王朝逐渐将各种规模和势力的部落国家聚集在一起，这个时期的后半叶，大和的首领被称为大或大王。通过宗族内部的血缘关系、表面上的军事霸权、外交手段以及对太阳神话的操纵，大和的势力得到了扩张加强，太阳神话赋予了他们的祖先以神性。不同的部落或宗族是贵族或武士。为武士服务的是一个职业的、专业的阶级，被称为俾，包括了农民、书记、商人和工人。最底层的阶级是奴隶。武士和俾一般可以是移民，这取决于他们的技能和财富。
建筑
大和的杰出建筑就是他们的坟墓。如果从上面看，这些土堆就像是钥匙孔。在日本的大和地区发现了最大的墓穴，这进一步证明了从那个地区产生了强大的力量。大阪平原的仁德墓在规模上与金字塔相提并论，中央墓穴长500米，高35米。它由三条护城河环绕，中间有林带，占地80英亩。石墓是从中央墓穴下面的泥土中挖出来的，被认为与皇室有关的坟墓现在由政府机构控制，虽然其中有些曾经被盗挖过，但仍有许多幸免于难。
军事
根据这个时代墓葬中发现的大量战士人偶、武器和盔甲。战争显然是大和文明的一个普遍特征。尽管存在一个最大的统治者，但族群之间不缺乏冲突的原因。所有成年男子都可以服兵役，并且必须至少服役一年。武士为军队提供精锐部队和军官，墓穴中的战士身穿全身盔甲，戴着头盔，最常见的武器是剑、矛和弓箭。马的形象也很常见，这证明了骑兵的存在。公元五世纪左右，马匹突然出现在墓葬品中，这产生了当时日本被骑兵入侵的假设。更可能的是，马匹作为一种进口商品，成为了精英阶级的地位象征，他们最有可能接受葬礼仪式。精锐的武士组成了那个时代的骑兵，因为只有他们负担得起马和相应的装备。
遗产
大和时代是因为太阳神话而被人们铭记的，所有后来的日本皇帝都从神话中获得了神圣的祖先。大和时代也使神道教正式化，并与外来的佛教竞争直到今天。大多数现代日本人认为自己是大和的后代。散布在乡村的大坟墓是最为物质化的遗产。
这个系列的一些增补：罗马复兴资料片新增文明的科技树极限：（迦太基文明的科技树极限已经在腓尼基文明内展示，故不重复展示）
