【龙腾网】猫粪中发现的寄生虫（弓形虫）会增加人类患脑癌的风险

正文翻译

There is an association between Toxoplasma infection and glioma risk. The report found that people with gliomas were more likely to detect antibodies to Toxoplasma than people without such cancers.
Although glioma is a relatively rare disease, it is a highly lethal cancer. In 2018, there were an estimated 300,000 cases of brain and other cancers of the nervous system worldwide, with 241,000 deaths. Most malignant brain tumors are gliomas (80%).

弓形虫感染与神经胶质瘤风险之间存在联系。报告发现，患有神经胶质瘤的人群比未患此类癌症的人群更容易检测出弓形虫抗体。
虽然胶质瘤是一种相对罕见的疾病，但它是一种高度致命的癌症。2018年，全球估计有30万例脑癌和其他神经系统癌症病例，24.1万例死亡。大多数恶性脑肿瘤是神经胶质瘤（80%）.

When should I be concerned about toxoplasmosis?
Generally, if you were infected with Toxoplasma before becoming pregnant your unborn child is protected by your immunity. Some experts suggest waiting for 6 months after a recent infection to become pregnant.
How do I know if I have been infected with Toxoplasma?
Your health care provider may suggest one or more varieties of blood tests to check for antibodies to Toxoplasma.

什么时候应该担心弓形虫病?
一般来说，如果你在怀孕前感染了弓形虫，你未出生的孩子会受到你的免疫系统的保护。所以一些专家建议如果感染弓形虫病，等6个月再怀孕。
如何知道我是否感染了弓形虫病?
一种或多种血液检测，可以检查弓形虫抗体。

You should also:
Cook food to safe temperatures. A food thermometer should be used to measure the internal temperature of cooked meat. Color is not a reliable indicator that meat has been cooked to a temperature high enough to kill harmful pathogens like Toxoplasma. Do not sample meat until it is cooked. USDA recommends the following for meat preparation:

你还应该:
把食物煮到安全的温度。应使用食物温度计测量熟肉的内部温度。颜色不是一个可靠的指标判断肉已经煮到足够熟，有害的病原体如弓形虫已经被杀死。肉未煮熟前不要试吃。美国农业部对肉类加工建议如下:

For Whole Cuts of Meat (excluding poultry)
Cook to at least 145° F (63° C) as measured with a food thermometer placed in the thickest part of the meat, then allow the meat to rest for three minutes before carving or consuming. *According to USDA, “A ‘rest time’ is the amount of time the product remains at the final temperature, after it has been removed from a grill, oven, or other heat source. During the three minutes after meat is removed from the heat source, its temperature remains constant , which destroys pathogens.”
For Ground Meat (excluding poultry)
Cook to at least 160° F (71° C); ground meats do not require a rest time.
For All Poultry (whole cuts and ground)
Cook to at least 165° F (74° C). The internal temperature should be checked in the innermost part of the thigh, innermost part of the wing, and the thickest part of the breast. Poultry do not require a rest time.

把食物温度计放置在肉的最厚的部分，整块肉类(家禽肉除外)至少烹饪到145°F(63°C)，然后把煮熟的肉放置三分钟，再切或进食。根据美国农业部的说法，‘放置时间’是指肉从烤架、烤箱或其他热源取出后，保持温度的时间。在肉从热源中取出后的三分钟内，它的温度仍将基本保持不变，这就杀死了病原体。”
碎肉(家禽除外)烹饪到至少160°F(71°C);碎肉不需要放置时间。
所有家禽(整块及碎肉)烹饪温度至少在165°F(74°C).内部温度应以大腿肉最内侧，翅膀最内侧和胸部最厚的部分为准。禽肉不需要放置时间。

Freeze meat for several days at sub-zero (below 0° F) temperatures before cooking to greatly reduce chance of infection. *Freezing does not reliably kill other parasites that may be found in meat (like certain species of Trichinella) or harmful bacteria. Cooking meat to USDA recommended internal temperatures is the safest method to destroy all parasites and other pathogens.
Peel or wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.
Wash cutting boards, dishes, counters, utensils, and hands with soapy water after contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, or unwashed fruits or vegetables.
Avoid drinking untreated water.
Do not drink unpasteurized goat’s milk.
Do not eat raw or undercooked oysters, mussels, or clams (these may be contaminated with Toxoplasma that has washed into seawater).0
Should a woman breastfeed her infant if she had contracted a Toxoplasma infection during her pregnancy?
Yes. Among healthy women, the possibility of breast milk transmission of Toxoplasma infection is not likely. While Toxoplasma infection has been associated with infants who consumed unpasteurized goat’s milk, there are no studies documenting breast milk transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in humans. In the event that a nursing woman experiences cracked and bleeding nipples or breast inflammation within several weeks immediately following an acute Toxoplasma infection (when the organism is still circulating in her bloodstream), it is theoretically possible that she could transmit Toxoplasma gondii to the infant through her breast milk. Immune suppressed women could have circulating Toxoplasma for even longer periods of time. However, the likelihood of human milk transmission is very small.

在烹饪之前，将肉在零下温度冷冻几天，可以大大减少感染的机会。冷冻并不能杀死其他可能存在于肉类中的寄生虫(如某些种类的旋毛虫)或有害细菌。按照美国农业部建议的内部温度烹饪肉类是消灭所有寄生虫和其他病原体的最安全的方法。
吃水果和蔬菜前要彻底削皮或清洗。
接触生肉、家禽、海鲜或未清洗的水果或蔬菜后，用肥皂水清洗砧板、盘子、柜台、器皿和手。
避免饮用未经处理的水。
不要饮用未经高温消毒的羊奶。
不要生吃或未煮熟的牡蛎、贻贝或蛤蜊(这些可能被冲进海水的弓形虫污染)。
如果一个妇女在怀孕期间感染了弓形虫，她应该母乳喂养她的婴儿吗?
是的。在健康妇女中，通过母乳传播弓形虫的可能性不大。虽然弓形虫感染与婴儿食用未经巴氏消毒的羊奶有关，但没有研究记录显示弓形虫通过人体母乳传播。如果一名哺乳妇女在急性弓形虫感染后的几周内发生乳头出血或乳房炎症(当弓形虫仍在她的血液中循环时)，从理论上讲，她可能通过她的母乳将弓形虫传染给婴儿。弓形虫在免疫力差的妇女体内循环更长的时间。然而，母乳传播的可能性很小。

评论翻译

GalacticWolf87
So that’s more for indoor/outdoor cats. If you have a completely indoor cat this shouldn’t be a problem.

所以如果你养了一只完全宅在家里的猫，应该不成问题。

Darth_Kahuna
It's not saying cats are the sole vector of transmission.

猫并不是唯一的传播媒介。

nim_opet
Upcoming headlines: “cats cause brain cancer”.

接下来的头条新闻是:“猫会导致脑癌”。

shadowcat20
So wash your hands? Does that stop it or what? I’m genuinely curious.

所以洗手就能阻止感染弓形虫吗?我真的很好奇。

Why Cats Are Not the Enemy
Don’t get me wrong: Pregnant women should be careful, but my aim is to put the role played by cats into proportion. From the following, you can see that the risk posed by cats is low.
Raw Meat
Cats become infected through eating vermin or raw meat infected with Toxo. This means outdoor hunting cats or those fed a raw meat diet are most at risk. If you have an indoor cat who eats canned food or kibble, chances are, he’s clear.
Short Period of Infection
A cat is infectious for only around 14 days. After this, the immune system fights off the Toxo.

为什么猫不是敌人
不要误会我的意思:怀孕的女性应该小心，但我想说猫并不等于百分百携带弓形虫。猫带来的弓形虫感染风险很低。
猫一般通过食用感染弓形虫的昆虫或生肉而感染。这意味着户外猎食的野猫或以生肉为食的猫面临的风险最大。如果你养了一只吃罐装猫粮或狗粮的室内猫，很有可能，它是很安全的。
猫感染弓形虫后，传染期只有14天左右。在此之后，猫的免疫系统会打败弓形虫。

During that 14-day window, the cat may pass poop containing Toxo, but — and it’s a big but — these Toxo particles take at least 24 hours to become infectious. Thus, scooping every day means that whatever is in the tray is safe.
Fur Is Not Infectious
It’s not possible to pick up Toxo by petting a cat. Yes, always wash your hands before eating, but that’s just good hygiene.
To pick up infection from your cat requires the following perfect storm:
You have not already been infected (and therefore have no immunity).
Your cat is a hunter or fed infected raw meat.
You handle cat poop during the 14-day window when the cat is infectious.
That cat poop has been in the tray for more than 24 hours.
You then eat without washing your hands.

在这14天的窗口期，猫可能会排泄含有弓形虫的粪便，但是——这是一个很大的“但是”——这些弓形虫至少需要24小时才能具有传染性。因此，每天勤换（一次性）猫砂盒就可以保障安全。
抚摸猫是不可能染上弓形虫的。但吃饭前一定要洗手，这是良好的卫生习惯。
从你的猫那里感染弓形虫需要以下完美步骤:
您从未感染过弓形虫病(你对弓形虫没有免疫力)。
你的猫要么在野外觅食要么是被喂了受感染的生肉
在猫具有传染性的14天窗口期，你亲手处理猫屎。
猫屎已经在猫砂盒里放了24小时。
然后你不洗手就吃东西。

Darth_Kahuna
Interesting thread the same parasite that increases brain cancer in humans causes rats become sexually aroused by the odor of cats increasing the likelihood they'll be consumed and allow t. Gondii to complete its reproductive cycle. Curious if those who like cats as pets have a higher likelihood of prior infection to this parasite?

有趣的是，猫的气味对被弓形虫感染的老鼠产生了性吸引力，增加了它们被吃掉的可能性，并帮助弓形虫在猫体内完成其繁殖周期。好奇那些喜欢猫作为宠物的人是否有更高的感染几率?

GoGoadie
Did anyone else have toxoplasmosis during pregnancy and decide to go through with the pregnancy? The medicine is making me so sick every day but I am fighting for this little one. Praying for the best but feeling very scared.

有没有人在怀孕期间感染了弓形体病并决定继续怀孕?医生开的药让我每天都很难受，但我在为这个小家伙坚持。祈祷一切都好，但我心里很害怕。

raccoonrn
My MIL had toxoplasmosis when she was pregnant with my husband. He ended up being born premature and was only and 3 and a half pounds but he had no major health issues growing up!

我的婆婆怀我丈夫的时候得了弓形体病。他是早产儿，只有3.5磅重，但他在成长过程中并没有什么大的健康问题。

fuelter
It has been estimated that 500–5000 infants each year are born with congenital toxoplasmosis in the United States [2]. Although the majority of infants appear to be healthy at birth, significant long-term sequelae may become obvious only months or years later.
Most pregnant women with acute acquired infection do not experience obvious symptoms or signs [1, 9]. A minority may experience malaise, low-grade fever, and lymphadenopathy. Rarely, pregnant women will present with visual changes due to toxoplasmic chorioretinitis [10] as a result of recently acquired infection or reactivation of a chronic infection. In severely immunocompromised, chronically infected pregnant women (e.g., patients with AIDS and those receiving high-dose immunosuppressive therapy, including organ transplant recipients, patients with malignancies, and patients with connective tissue disorders), reactivation of latent T. gondii infection resulted in congenital transmission of the parasite to the fetus

据估计，在美国，每年有500-5000名婴儿出生时患有先天性弓形虫病。虽然大多数婴儿在出生时看起来是健康的，但严重的长期后遗症可能在几个月或几年后才变得明显。
大多数感染的孕妇没有明显的症状或体征。少数可能会有不适、低烧和淋巴结病。极少数情况下，孕妇会出现视力变化。在免疫功能严重低下、慢性感染的孕妇中(如艾滋病患者，接受大剂量免疫治疗的患者，器官移植患者、恶性肿瘤患者和结缔组织疾病患者)，其体内潜伏的弓形虫会重新激活会导致弓形虫传播给胎儿。

Borntobop
I tested positive for toxoplasmosis early in my preganancy, too. (Currently 9W, tested positive at 6W). Test was positive, low avidity, So far my husband and I have decided to take it one step at a time - take the medicine, monitor through ultrasounds and then amnio at 18w - and make a potentially difficult desicion if we need to. My best wishes are with you, I feel how scared you are. I am scared, too.
Here in the US it’s really rare to be tested. My OB told me today that the reason they run the test is because so many of their patients are from Europe, where this parasite infection is really common. Like you, I also don’t have a cat. Sigh, was assuming I’d have a boring and uneventful pregnancy

我刚怀孕那会，弓形虫病检测也呈阳性。(目前数值为为9W, 测试时是6W呈阳性)。抗体亲和力低。我和丈夫决定一步一步来，吃药，用超声波检查胎儿，然后在数值达到18w的时候做羊膜穿刺检测——如果需要的话，我们可能要做出一个很困难的决定。我的祝福和你同在，我能感觉到你有多害怕。我也很害怕。
在美国，这种病很少见。我的妇产科医生今天告诉我，他们之所以做这个测试是因为他们的很多病人来自欧洲，在那里弓形虫感染非常普遍。我也没养猫。唉，我还以为我会有个无聊又平淡的怀孕经历呢。

baywatchsouthafrica
Wow we have very similar situations!!! I feel for you so much. We can get through this my partner and I are also going to wait until the amniocentesis although we were told ours would be around week 15 or 16. I’m currently only 6 weeks pregnant also my first pregnancy. What medicine are you taking if you don’t mind me asking? I am taking 6 tablets of spiramycin every day. Next blood test in a few days to see if the infection is gone from my own system and if that’s the case apparently it’s up to me if I want to continue with the medicine or not. So many decisions to make;

哇，我们的情况非常相似!!我很同情你。我们可以渡过这一关，我和我的伴侣也打算等到羊膜穿刺检测，尽管我们被告知我们的手术将安排在15或16周左右。我现在才怀孕6周，也是第一次怀孕。如果你不介意的话，我想问你在吃什么药?我每天吃6片螺旋霉素。过几天再做一次血检看看感染是否从我自己的身体消失了，如果是这样的话，显然我得决定要不要继续服药。

Borntobop
You are in such a great position for this, I’m so happy to hear for you that you’re already on spiramycin! I think that you and your baby are going to be fine I’m truly hoping for the best for you
So it sounds like care in your country for this is much better. I only just received my tests back for toxo last Friday - almost 3 weeks after they drew my blood. There’s only one lab in all of the US that does these tests I’m talking to a high-risk doctor today about the treatment, but I’m already set on taking spiramicin throughout pregnancy. I’m hoping to get this medicine ASAP. It’s not even approved for use in the US, so we have to have our doctor ask for a request for use from the FDA (our government agency that regulates drug use). My husband is panicked that I won’t get it soon enough, and is already talking about flying to Mexico to get it, where it’s legal and available.
I’m sure you, like me, did an insane amount of research and reading once you learned that you tested positive. One study that really helped me was written by the lab that did my tests - they seem to really care about this, and are trying to make a case that toxo is more common in the US than it’s thought to be. Which I agree with.
I personally, based off of this study, will be taking the medicine all throughout, to reduce risk of possible transmission through the placenta later on.

你现在的处境很好，我很高兴听到你已经在用螺旋霉素了!我想你和你的孩子都会没事的，我真心希望你一切都好
听起来你们国家对这方面的护理要好得多。我上周五才收到我的弓形虫测试结果——差不多在他们抽血三周后，全美只有一家做弓形虫病检测的检测中心。我今天跟一个医生谈了治疗的事，我已经决定在怀孕期间服用螺旋霉素了。我希望能尽快得到这种药。它在美国甚至还没有被批准使用，所以我们不得不让我们的医生向FDA(美国食品及药物管理局)申请使用。我丈夫担心时间拖太久，他已经考虑飞墨西哥去买了，在那里它是合法的，可以买到。
我相信你和我一样，在得知自己的检测结果呈阳性后做了大量的研究和阅读。为我做测试的实验室写的一份研究对我很有帮助——他们似乎真的很关心这个问题，并试图证明弓形虫在美国比人们想象的更常见。我同意这一点。
我个人基于这项研究，将一直服用药物，以减少弓形虫可能通过胎盘传播的风险。

baywatchsouthafrica
I will be seeing a toxoplasmosis specialist after my blood test and will definitely keep you upxed if he has any information to share. But so far my doctors have told me that the chances of any birth defect, since it was caught in the first trimester, are less than half a percent (0.42%), which really puts my mind at ease. I

验血后我会去看一位弓形虫病专家，如果他有任何信息可以分享，我一定会及时通知你。但到目前为止，我的医生告诉我，弓形虫病导致胎儿出生缺陷的几率不到0.5%(0.42%)，因为我提前发现并开始治疗。这让我感到放心。