TTC【双语字幕版】：西方文明的基础（S01E27：天主教会的出现）
- Katholikos, Catholicus: Universal
- Ekalo: to call out (Ekklesia, Ecclesia, Eglise, Iglesias, Chiesa); a called community of people
- Kurios: Lord, ruler, exalted one
- Kuriakon (Church, Kirche): A lord's house; temple, church
Popes: Bishops of Rome (pope is the title of endearment, bishops of Rome is the official title)
The notion of Apostolic Succession: That there was a succession to the original twelve people
"Petrine" text in Matthew (16.16-19): upon this rock I shall build my church and the gates of Hell shall not prevail, I shall give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven...
- Theodosius Ruled 139-195; enhanced the power, position and preeminence of bishops of Rome
- Pope Leo I (Pope, 440-461); the great theoretician
- Pope Gregory I (Pope, 590-604); provided utilities, defense, food to people in Rome after the deposition of Romulus Augustus; a quasi ruler
"Monarchical" vs. "Collegial" Forms of Government
- Ecclesiology: The science of how to organize the church
- Monarchical views: Focus on the rule of the monarch
- Collegial views: See all bishops collaborating together
Martyrs: "witnesses"
Martyrein: to witness
250-251; The emperor Decius undertook, for the first time, a systematic persecution of Christians.
303-306; Diocletian undertook "The Great Persecution"
Constantine, ruled 306-337
313; Edict of Milan: Granted Christianity toleration in the empire; gave them tax exemptions and massive donations, such as Lateran Basilica, Rome.
361-363; A brief pagan revival under Julian the Apostate
378-380; Theodosius passed laws that effectively made Roman Christianity the state religion.
Pope Gelasius (Pope, 492-496); wrote a letter to the emperor, claiming that the authority of priests must take precedence over the power of rulers since the former was concerned with men's immortal souls whereas the the latter was pertinent to the mortal bodies. Although it was not legally enforceable, it indicated a remarkable transformation.
Scriptures:
- Palestinian rabbis had already established the Masoretic ("Traditional") text of the Hebrew Scriptures.
- Septuagint: ("the seventy") Greek translation of the "Old Testament" (with additional seven scriptures that do not appear in the Hebrew scripture, which was the difference between Protestant and Catholic Bibles. The Catholic Bible has those seven books.)
- 5th Century; A definitive canon of "New Testament" writings (written in Greek and left out a substantial amount of post-biblical materials)
- 382; Pope Damasus (66-384) commissioned St. Jerome to produce a Latin translation: the "Vulgate" Bible.
Two Great Problems:
-1. How to explain the Christian belief that God is triune.
- Arius taught that Jesus was slightly subordinate to God the father.
- Council of Nicaea (325), to reject Arianism and to defend the position that Father, Son and Holy Spirit were co-equal and coeternal; Arianism did not die and many Germanic people converted to it.
-2. Jesus was understood to be true God and true man.
- Council of Chalcedon (451)
- Monophysites: Urged that Jesus was fundamentally divine and appeared to be a man.
