wiki笔记--Midline nuclear group--2022/6/1
Midline nuclear group
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The midline nuclear group (or midline thalamic nuclei) is a region of the thalamus consisting of the following nuclei:
· paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (nucleus paraventricularis thalami) - not to be confused with paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
· paratenial nucleus (nucleus parataenialis)
· nucleus reuniens
· rhomboid nucleus (nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis)
· subfascicular nucleus (nucleus subfascicularis)
The midline nuclei are often called "nonspecific" in that they project widely to the cortex and elsewhere. This has led to the assumption that they may be involved in general functions such as alerting(十分对).[1]However, anatomical connections might suggest more specific functions, with the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei involved in viscero-limbic functions
（这意味来自viscera的疼痛信息兴奋limbic system，反过来通过anterior cingulate cortex和anterior insular cortex来调节viscera中smooth muscle的活动，从而物理上减轻疼痛的产生。如果油腻太多，会出现肠道过快运动，这个导致solitary nucleus更加抑制NE系统，人会觉得飘飘然。）
, and the reuniens and rhomboid nuclei involved in multimodal sensory processing（不能理解这句话multimodal sensory processing。这明显是个basal ganglia conception，而不是一个cortical loop memory）.[2]
Nucleus reuniens
Details
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The nucleus reuniens is a component of the thalamic midline nuclear group.[1] In the human brain, it is located in the interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia).[2]
The nucleus reuniens receives afferent input from a large number of structures, mainly from limbic and limbic-associated structures.[3] It sends projections to the medial prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the entorhinal cortex（这里记载似乎明显与另一处相矛盾。）,[4][5] although there exist sparse connections to many of the afferent structures as well.[6]
The prefrontal cortical-hippocampal connection allows it to regulate neural traffic between them with changes in attentiveness,[7] as well as contribute to associative learning,[8] spatial route planning,[9]resilience to stress[10] and memory generalization.[11]
Paratenial nucleus
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Paratenial nucleus
Details
Part of
Midline nuclear group
Identifiers
Latin
nucleus parataenialis thalami
NeuroNames
324
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_860
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
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The paratenial nucleus, or parataenial nucleus (Latin: nucleus parataenialis), is a component of the midline nuclear group in the thalamus.[1] It is sometimes subdivided into the nucleus parataenialis interstitialis and nucleus parataenialis parvocellularis (Hassler).[2][3] It is located above the bordering paraventricular nucleus of thalamus and below the anterodorsal nucleus.[4]
The paratenial nucleus, like other midline nuclei, receives inputs from a large number of regions in the brainstem, hypothalamus and limbic system. It projects back to an equally wide range, but in a fairly specific manner (in the past, the midline nuclei have often been described as "nonspecific" because of their global effects). Particular targets include medial frontal polar cortex, the anterior cingulate, insula, the piriform and entorhinal cortices, the ventral subiculum, claustrum, the core and shell of nucleus accumbens, the medial striatum, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and caudal parts of the central and basal nuclei of amygdala.[5]
（paratenial nucleus影响的范围很广泛，但是前提是通过pain信息来兴奋paratenial nucleus，所以当PAG活动而抑制或减少了pain信息，就会减少疼痛信息对中枢的影响，尤其是带有目的的行为，事实上PAG领衔的痛觉抑制体系的功效还是很常见的。那么很有可能凡是带有目的的行为，都意味着目的对应的皮层活动必然还要顺带去兴奋orbitofrontal cortex，尤其是BA11，它直接投射到PAG，且BA11是agranular。那么，uncinate fasciculus连接的BA38也很重要，它接收声音和视觉，那么会不会BA38是产生目标的主要皮层，换句话说，一个好的目标形成，最好要同时具备声音信息和视觉信息，不过单独视觉信息或声音信息的也可以。一旦将进入目标状态，即行为反映了目标或者目标相关的内容，那么这个人对于疼痛就应该变得不敏感。）
While the exact function of the nucleus is uncertain, its connectivity suggests that it (and the periventricular nucleus) may act as a gateway for multimodal information to the limbic system used in selecting appropriate responses.[5] This might include high incentive values of food triggering feeding behaviour even when satiated.[6] Conversely, the midline nuclei may also play a role in retrieving consolidated fear conditioning through the projection to the central nucleus of the amygdala.[7]
