【医学英语翻译】Cholera霍乱简介

Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the toxigenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae. An estimated 1.3 to 4 million people around the world get cholera each year and 21000 to 143,000 people die from it. 霍乱是一种急性腹泻疾病，由产毒素细菌霍乱弧菌感染肠道引起。据估计，全世界每年有130万到400万人感染霍乱，21000到143000人死于霍乱。 People who get cholera often have mild symptoms or no symptoms but cholera can be severe. Approximately 1 in 10 people who get sick with cholera will develop severe symptoms such as watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. 得霍乱的人通常有轻微的症状或没有症状，但霍乱也可能很严重。大约十分之一的霍乱患者会出现严重症状，如水样腹泻、呕吐和腿抽筋。 In these people, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours. The cholera bacterium is usually found in water or in foods that have been contaminated by feces from a person infected with cholera bacteria. 在这些人中，体液的快速流失会导致脱水和休克。如果不治疗，死亡可能在几小时内发生。 霍乱细菌通常存在于被细菌污染的水或食物中 感染了霍乱细菌的人的粪便。 Cholera is most likely to occur and spread in places with inadequate water treatment, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene. Cholera bacteria can also live in the environment in brackish rivers and coastal waters. Shellfish eaten raw have been a source of infection. 霍乱最有可能在水处理不充分、卫生条件差和卫生处理不充分的地方发生和传播。 霍乱细菌也可以生活在含盐河流和沿海水域的环境中。生吃的贝类曾是传染源。 In an epidemic, the source of the contamination is usually the feces of an infected person that contaminates water or food. The disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking water. The infection is not likely to spread directly from one person to another; therefore casual contact with an infected person is not a risk factor for becoming ill. 在一次流行中，污染源通常是污染水或食物的受感染者的粪便。这种疾病会在污水和饮用水处理不足的地区迅速传播。感染不太可能从一个人直接传播到另一个人；因此，与感染者的偶然接触并不是患病的风险因素。 It usually takes 2-3 days for symptoms to appear after a person ingests cholera bacteria, but the time can range from a few hours to 5 days. If you think you or a member of your family might have cholera, seek medical attention immediately. Dehydration can be rapid so fluid replacement is essential. If you have oral rehydration solution(ORS), start taking it immediately; it can save a life. Continue to drink ORS at home and while traveling to get medical treatment. If an infant has watery diarrhea, continue breastfeeding. 一个人摄入霍乱细菌后，通常需要2-3天才会出现症状，但时间可以从几个小时到5天不等。 如果您认为您或您的家庭成员可能患有霍乱，请立即就医。脱水可能会很快，因此补充液体至关重要。如果你有口服补液盐溶液(ORS)，立即开始服用；它可以拯救一条生命。在家和外出就医时继续饮用ORS。如果婴儿有水样腹泻，可以继续母乳喂养。 To test for cholera, doctors must take a stool sample or a rectal swab and send it to a laboratory to look for the cholera bacteria. Cholera can be simply and successfully treated by immediate replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhea. Patients can be treated with oral rehvdration solution (ORS). a prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts that is mixed with 1 liter of water and drunk in large amounts. This solution is used throughout the world to treat diarrhea. Severe cases also require intravenous fluid replacement. With prompt appropriate rehydration, fewer than 1% of cholera patients die. 为了检测霍乱，医生必须采集粪便样本或直肠拭子，并将其送到实验室寻找霍乱细菌。 霍乱可以简单而成功地通过立即补充由于腹泻而损失的液体和盐分来治疗。患者可以用口服补液盐溶液来治疗。 预先包装的糖和盐的混合物，与1升水混合，大量饮用。这种溶液在全世界都被用来治疗腹泻。严重病例还需要静脉补液。通过及时适当的补液，死亡的霍乱患者不到1%。 Antibiotics shorten the course and diminish the severity of the illness, but they are not as important as rehydration. Persons who develop severe diarrhea and vomiting in countries where cholera occurs should seek medical attention promptly. Be aware of whether cholera cases have recently occurred in an area you plan to visit. However, the risk for cholera is very low for people visiting areas with epidemic cholera when simple prevention steps are taken. 抗生素能够缩短病程，减轻疾病的严重性，但它没有补液重要。在发生霍乱的国家出现严重腹泻和呕吐的人应及时就医。 注意你计划去的地区最近是否发生过霍乱病例。然而，如果采取简单的预防措施，前往霍乱流行地区的人感染霍乱的风险是很低的。 Drink only bottled, boiled, or chemically treated water and bottled or canned beverages. When using bottled drinks, make sure the seal has not been broken. Carbonated water may be safer than noncarbonated water. Avoid tap water, fountain drinks, and ice cubes. Use bottled, boiled, or chemically treated water to wash dishes, brush teeth, wash and prepare food, and make ice. 仅饮用瓶装、煮沸或化学处理的水以及瓶装或罐装饮料。使用瓶装饮料时，确保密封没有被破坏。碳酸水可能比非碳酸水更安全。避免自来水、喷泉饮料和冰块。 使用瓶装、煮沸或化学处理的水来洗碗、刷牙、清洗和准备食物以及制冰。 Eat foods that are packaged or that are freshly cooked and served hot. Do not eat raw or undercooked meats and seafood. or raw or undercooked fruits and vegetables unless they are peeled. Dispose of feces in a sanitary manner to prevent contamination of water and food sources. 吃包装好的食物或新鲜烹饪的热食。不要吃生的或未煮熟的肉类和海鲜。或生的或未煮熟的水果和蔬菜，除非它们已经去皮。 以卫生的方式处理粪便，防止污染水源和食物来源。