[胡]-11-5-外语教学
Ⅳ对比分析和错误分析
When the native Language influences the acquisition of the target language, language transfer happens. Student’s learned knowledge and skills in the native language can be transferred to the second language.
当L1和L2有相似的形式和意义时,L1会对L2产生积极正确的促进作用,为<Positive Transfer>.
反之,不同的形式和意义会产生干扰且错误示范,为<Negative Transfer>.
在此基础,得到了「Contrastive Analysis」——
CA, 将母语和目标语在形式和意义上做对比找出两种语言的异同,从而预测哪些是重难点,哪些不需要花大功夫去死磕!
【名词解释】——「Contrastive Analysis」is a way of comparing the forms and meanings across the native language and the target language to spot the mismatches or difference, so that people could predict the certain language item’s difficulty, then decide what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned.
【选填判断】——
(a). L1对L2产生迁移!
(b). Language is habit, 是脱口而出、行云流水而不假思索。而语言学习就是建议一套新的习惯。
(c).在L2理解和输出时,主要错误来源于L1. The more different between L1 and L2, the more frequently the errors will occur.
(d). Teachers should focus on areas of negative transfer that gives rise to the major source of errors and questions.
(e). CA不能预知所有的错误!一些错误属于<马虎大意>、<看走眼了>、<没睡醒>类型,本身就没有可对比性。
e.g. There is one people like golf in our class.
He comed yesterday
无力吐槽!
(f). CA有时不准,可能有些预测到的困难而实际的反馈却显得很容易被掌握。
E: I see them.
F: Je les vois.
比如L1为Français, 就能轻松掌握<主谓宾(代词)>结构。
反之L1为English, 就只能死磕<主宾(代词)谓>结构。
就很神奇耶!
(g).学习者水平有限,CA主要针对教师及专家教授而开展工作,而不是学习者。
过渡——CA用于对比分析,但是一些错误就没有可对比性!
如,使用者在L1存在的错误,L2照样犯错。或者学习L1存在某些偏好,如<过度使用反身代词>、<习惯性丢掉冠词>或<过度使用冠词>、<Overgeneralization以偏概全,过渡泛化>, <Hpercorrection矫枉过正><Cross-Association>等.
关于<Overgeneralization>, i.e. “he spoken English” “The sun rose from the east” “The train would leave after he had arrived”, 过度看重动词变位,孰不知<语言习惯-现在时><客观真理-现在时><准时准点的火车行程-过去时/现在时而非将来时>
此外,布置的作业不按时完成、偷工减料,光想着摆烂“难死了!不学了”,还有心理因素、心智成熟度、atypical development等也影响其成因。
「Error Analysis」
【名词解释】——The study and analysis of errors which are confined to the language learners. Its major claim is that many errors made by second language learners were caused by factors other than native language interference.
[答题规范]——如果实在默写不了原句,不想当<背书玩家>,而选择<意识流><推导流>,也不是不可以!
可以有一个思路,问自己几个问题——哪一章节的哪一部分?与什么有关?是否有对立面的概念?它有什么本质属性?
&<二语习得>
&<同范畴的概念有CA>
&<不需要像资深教授对L1与L2对比分析那样,EA都是马虎失误的小错误>
&<EA就是给错误做分析进而避免错误>
概念辨析之<Error>与<Mistake>
Error&usually arise from the Learner’s lack of knowledge, lack of competence.
In other word, the learners does not know the right form or is unable to use language correctly.
Mistake&often occur when learners fail to perform their competence.
In other word, the learners already learned the knowledge or skill but simply fails to function correctly due to carelessness or other factors.
<Error> can be further divided into two kinds: <interlingual error语际错误> and <intralingual error语内错误>.
Interlingual error, 又称迁移错误,学习者运用了L1而不是L2的某些特征(phonological, lexical, grammatical, or pragmatic)而出现的错误。
诚然,与L1无关的、非粗心造成的错误为<intralingual error语内错误>.
五种错误类型:omission、addition、double marketing、misformations、misordering.
不需要背,会判断区别就行,仅用于【选择判断】!
如图,先后顺序、一一对应!

the Procedure of EA包含三步,Recognition、Description、Explanation!
就好比,你1对1家教辅导改作业,看看属于Error还是属于Mistake, <故意的还是不小心?>, 谁做的九曲大肠让他本人先品!好吃就多吃点!
如果是Error, 看看是不是与母语有关,关联关联L1, 提及下<迁移>, 差不多字数就够了!
[头脑风暴]——我有个模板,大家实践实践。因为我是创作者,大家是观众,我可以复制粘贴,很简单,轻轻松松,但没必要。为了提高效率,像这类概念,我只说一些易错点、重难点,其它自己推导就行,哪怕有偏差,问题也不大!懂的都懂!
比如<Recognition>, <Description>, <Explanation>, 顾名思义!它的题无非是问“Which doesn’t belong to the procedure of EA?”, 白给!
如果,极小概率事件,如果真有丧心病狂出题人问<请详细论述EA步骤>, 那就按字数去编呗,像写小作文一样!还可能比[胡]大师都写得妙!!!
然后,回到the procedure of EA, 有什么值得注意的点呢?我感觉没有!即兴发挥就行!
往下继续,
EA存在的问题
&只抓错、不管对,孰不知慈悲为怀,方可成佛!
&针对个人而不具有普适性!