passage5

注解：标题为红色，翻译为蓝色，分析为绿色。

        Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.

        That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide theme asuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.

       The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).

一、文章结构分析

        这是一篇纯自然科学的文章。主要介绍了”热点”现象以及其对地质板块学研究的重要意义。由于文章目的是解释一种理论，因此，从语言上讲，描写成分比较多。

       第一段：对于中心概念”热点“进行了描述，实际相当于一个定义。

       第二段：从大陆板块移动谈起，后半段指出”热点”理论对于地质板块学研究的一个意义，即，作为参照。

       第三段：“热点”理论对于地质板块学研究的第二个意义，即，影响地球物理过程，如海洋的形成。

1.The author believes that.

[A]the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earths interior

[B]the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true

[C]the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions

[D]the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart.

1.作者相信的观点是。

[A]板块的运动与地球内部的运动相一致

[B]地质学上的板块漂移说被证明是正确的

[C]热点和板块向相反方向缓慢地移动

[D]热点的运动证明各大洲（即大陆板块）正在彼此分开

【

the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior 一个板块相对于另一个板块的运动不容易解释为相对于地球内部的运动，A选项相反。故A选项错误。

That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.板块正在移动(的理论)，这一点现在毋庸置疑。故B选项正确。

The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.承载这些大陆的板块的相对运动已经详细构建，但一个板块相对于另一个板块的运动无法轻易解释为相对于地球内部的运动。这段表明板块与板块之间确实有相对运动，相反运动，但是热点和板块之间的运动关系，文章没有给出定论。故C选项错误。

From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.从对热点人口的分析来看，非洲板块似乎是静止的，在过去的3000万年里没有移动过。可以推测非洲板块静止不动的。并且第二段是在说美洲的板块漂移，并不能说各大洲都正在彼此分开。这个选项过度延伸。故D选项错误。

】

2.That Africa and South America were oncejoined can be deduced from the fact that.

[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions

[B] they have been found to share certain geological features

[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years

[D]over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe

2.非洲和南美洲曾经彼此相连可以从这一事实推断出来。

[A]这两个大陆仍然在向相反的方向移动

[B]它们被发现具有某些共同的地质特征

[C]非洲板块至少3000万年未移动

[D]地球各地散布着一百多个热点

【

对于A选项。From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.从对热点人口的分析来看，非洲板块似乎是静止的，在过去的3000万年里没有移动过。The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail承载这些大陆的板块的相对运动已经被详细地构造出来了。可知非洲大陆是静止的，而美洲大陆是漂移开的，而选项是两个大陆仍然在向相反的方向移动。故A选项错误。

对于B选项。The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. 互补的海岸线和某些似乎横跨海洋的地质特征提醒我们这两大洲曾经相连。所有可以推知是具有某些共同的地质特征。故B选项正确。

对于C选项。“非洲和南美洲曾经彼此相连可以从这一事实推断出来”和“非洲板块至少3000万年未移动”没有必然关系。故C选项错误。

对于D选项。文章开头提到地球各地散布着一百多个热点，但是也跟“非洲和南美洲曾经彼此相连可以从这一事实推断出来”没有必然关系。故D选项错误。

】

3.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining.

[A]the structure of the African plates

[B]the revival of dead volcanoes

[C]the mobility of the continents

[D]the formation of new oceans

3.在解释方面热点理论可以被证明是有用的。

[A]非洲板块的结构

[B]死火山的复苏

[C]大陆板块的移动性

[D]新海洋的形成

【

对于A选项。From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.从对热点人口的分析来看，非洲板块似乎是静止的，在过去的3000万年里没有移动过。热点可以解释非洲板块静止不动，但是不能从根本上解释非洲板块的结构。故A选项粗偶。

对于B选项。文章只有一处提到死火山。and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. 在某些情况下，板块经过它们的运动留下了死火山的痕迹。但是并没有提及过死火山的复苏。

对于C选项。That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.板块漂移这一理论现在是毋庸置疑的。Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).因此，正如早期的理论解释了大陆的流动性一样，而热点可能解释它们的可变性（不稳定性）。也就是说早期的理论早已解释了大陆板块的移动性，热点是可能解释它们的可变性（不稳定性）的。故C选项错误。

对于D选项。对应原文的句子so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. 因此热点引发了新海洋的形成。故D选项正确。

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4.The passage is mainly about.

[A]the features of volcanic activities

[B]the importance of the theory about drifting plates

[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies

|[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes

4.本文主要是关于。

[A]火山活动的特点

[B]板块漂移理论的重要性

[C]热点学说在地质物理研究中的重要性

[D]火山的形成过程

【

对于A,D选项。本文只是提及了火山和死火山，但本文中心议论的不是火山运动和火山形成。故A,D选项错误。

本文重点是议论热点理论对地质研究的作用。特别从段尾最后一句，Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).因此，正如早期的理论解释了大陆的流动性一样，热点也可以解释它们的可变性（不稳定性）。故本文是展示热点学说在地质物理研究中的重要性。故选C选项正确。

对于B选项。本文全篇并没有去讨论板块漂移理论，而是在讨论热点理论。只是在第二段的时候为了说明热点的时候，提到了板块漂移理论。B选项以偏概全。故B选项错误。

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二、核心词汇与超纲词汇

（1）isolated（a.）隔离的，孤立的；isolate（v.）孤立，隔离；isolation（n.）隔绝，孤立，隔离

（2）volcanic（a.）火山的；猛烈的，易突然发作的；volcano（n.）火山

（3）trail（n.）踪迹，痕迹，形迹（v.）跟踪，追踪，拉，拖

（4）milestone（n.）里程碑；人生或历史上重大事件或转折点

（5）stationary（a.）静止的，固定的；stationery（n.）文具

（6）confine（v.）（to，within）限制，局限于；管制

（7）propel（v.）推进，推动；激励，驱策

（8）fissure（n.）裂缝，裂隙（v.）

（9）initiate（v.）开始，发动，发起，提议；initiation（n.）；initiator（n.）创始人，发起人，传授者，教导者

（10）mobility（n.）运动性，稳定性

（11）mutability（n.）可变性，易变性，不定性

三、阅读答案：B B D C

四、全文翻译： 

        地球上散落分布着一百多个互不相连的小火山活动区，被地质学家称为热点。和世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上被发现；相反，许多热点深藏于板块内部。大多数热点只缓慢地移动，有时，经过这些热点的板块运动留下了死火山的痕迹。热点及其火山痕迹是标志板块迁移的里程碑。

       板块漂移这一理论现在是毋庸置疑的。以非洲和南美洲为例，由于有新的物质注入二者之间的海底，两大洲正在彼此分离。但互相吻合的海岸线和某些似乎跨越海洋的地质特征会使人想到这两个大陆曾经是连在一起的。携带这些大陆的板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地阐述出来，但一个板块相对另一板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为相对于地球内部的运动。人们不能确定两个大陆是在朝相反的方向运动，还是一个大陆停止不动而另一个从它身边漂移开去。位于地球更深层的热点提供了解决该问题所需要的测量仪器。从热点地区的人口情况分析来看，非洲板块似乎是静止不动的，在过去3000万年里都没有移动过。

        热点的重要性不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用。现在看来，它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。当大陆板块漂移到热点上方，来自地球深层的物质便形成了巨大的圆顶状隆起物。随着这个圆顶的增长，板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完全裂开了，因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。这样，正像早期的理论解释了大陆的移动性一样，热点理论或许能解释大陆板块的不稳定性。

五.地毯式总结

Scattered around the globe 分散在全球各地

small regions of isolated volcanic activity 孤立火山活动的小区域

known to geologists as hot spots 地质学家称之为热点

Unlike most of the world's volcanoes 与世界上大多数火山不同

at the boundaries of the great drifting plates 在大漂移板块的边界

make up the earth's surface 构成地球表面

on the contrary 相反地

in the interior of a plate 在地球板块的内部

left trails of dead volcanoes 死火山留下的痕迹

volcanic trails 火山遗迹

milestones that mark the passage of the plates. 标志着板块通过的里程碑。

beyond dispute 毫无疑问，无可争辩

is injected into the sea floor 被注入海床

The complementary coastlines and certain geological features 互补的海岸线和某些地质特征

span the ocean 跨越海洋

reminder 提醒

the two continents were once joined 这两大洲曾经相连

The relative motion 相对运动

be constructed in detail 详细建造

with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior 相对于另一个不容易解释为相对于地球内部的运动

in opposite directions 在相反的方向

stationary 不动的

Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth 热点，锚定在地球的深层

provide theme asuring instruments needed to resolve the question. 提供了解决该问题所需要的测量仪器

the hot-spot population 热点地区的人口情况

as a frame of reference. 作为参考框架。

propel the plates across the globe 推动板块穿越全球

a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot 大陆板块在一个热点上静止

create a broad dome 创建一个宽阔的圆顶

As the dome grows 随着圆顶的生长

it develops deep fissures(cracks); 发育深部裂隙（裂隙）；

the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean 热点引发了新海洋的形成

Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstancy).因此，正如早期的理论解释了大陆的流动性一样，热点也可以解释它们的可变性（不稳定性）。