Byzantium at War AD 600-1453（战争中的拜占庭：公元600-1453年）（12）
作者：John Haldon约翰·哈尔顿
出版商：Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
自翻：神尾智代
Portrait of a soldier：Recruitment, discipline, and life on campaign
关于一名士兵的描写：招募、训练和军旅生活
Soldiers
士兵
There is no doubt that the majority of ordinary soldiers in the army throughout the history of the empire were of fairly humble status. The 'better-off' ordinary soldiers among the thematic armies in the 9th and 10th centuries appear to have held a relatively high position in their communities, however, partly because of their special fiscal and legal status: they were exempt from extra taxation and a range of state impositions in terms of labour service or providing housing and supplies for other soldiers, officers or imperial officials, to which the ordinary population was always subject; and they could bestow their property without having to adhere strictly to Roman inheritance law about the division of property among heirs. This gave soldiers of all types, even when they were not especially well paid, an enhanced social prestige, set them apart somewhat from the ordinary population, and gave them a sense of group identity and solidarity.
（毫无疑问，在整个帝国历史上，军队中的大多数普通士兵都处于相当低的地位。9 世纪和 10 世纪军区军队中“富裕”的普通士兵似乎在他们的社区中占有相对较高的地位，然而，部分原因是他们特殊的财政和法律地位：他们免于额外征税和在劳务或为其他士兵、军官或皇室官员提供住房和供应方面的国家征收范围，普通民众总是受制于这些；他们可以赠与他们的财产，而不必严格遵守关于继承人之间财产分配的罗马继承法。这给了所有类型的士兵，即使他们的薪水不是特别高，也提高了社会声望，使他们与普通民众有所区别，并给了他们一种群体认同感和团结感。）
The sources for recruitment and length of service for the period after the middle to the end of the 6th century are not very informative. Before that time, it seems that the traditional Roman regulations probably applied, with a minimum recruitment age of 18 years and a minimum height requirement of about five feet six inches. There is reason to believe that the minimum age for recruitment in the 9th and 10th centuries was still 18 and the maximum 40. Service beyond the age of 40 was not unusual, however, and several examples of soldiers who served beyond that age are known. Some sources suggest that many officers stayed on long after their useful career was over, as a result, adversely affecting the military effectiveness of their unit.
（6 世纪中叶至末期的招募信息和服务年限信息并不多。在此之前，似乎传统的罗马规定可能适用，最低招募年龄为 18 岁，最低身高要求约为 5 英尺 6 英寸。有理由相信，在 9 世纪和 10 世纪，招募的最低年龄仍然是 18 岁，最高年龄是 40 岁。然而，超过 40 岁的服役并不罕见，并且有几个超过这个年龄服役的士兵的例子是众所周知的。一些消息来源表明，许多军官在其有用的职业生涯结束后长期留任，结果对其部队的军事效力产生了不利影响。）
There were important differences between the requirements applied to recruits to `professional' units, such as the tagmata, and the provincial or thematic armies, with many of the regulations governing admission to the first group being retained from the late Roman legislation, whereas thematic soldiers were required merely to appear at the regular muster parade appropriately equipped — with mount, provisions for a certain number of days, shield and spear. Some restrictions on recruitment also existed, prohibitions on the enlistment of heretics were applied, at least in theory. Priests and monks were forbidden to join the army, while those convicted of adultery or similar crimes, those who had already been dishonourably discharged, and so forth, were technically disqualified from enlisting. But it is impossible to know to what extent such regulations were observed. It is most likely that in the situation that developed from the middle of the 7th century most of the formal regulations of the Roman period had become irrelevant. The application of such regulations was in any event not possible for foreign units, especially Muslims, Franks and others outside the sphere of Byzantine religious—political authority, nor to others, such as Armenians, who may have belonged to non-Orthodox communities. The further away from Constantinople, the more likely such regulations are to have been ignored. By the 10th century the greater diversity in origins, military value and contexts in which soldiers for different types of unit were recruited must have led to an equal diversity in their conditions of enlistment and service, not just between simple thematic soldiers and soldiers of the imperial tagmata but between foreign units and the mercenary soldiers recruited for specific campaigns.
（适用于"专业"部队（如禁卫军）和省或军区军队的新兵的要求之间存在重大差异，罗马晚期立法保留了许多关于第一批招募的规定，而军区士兵只被要求出现在定期的集结游行中，配备适当的装备——坐骑、一定天数的供给、盾牌和长矛。对招募也存在一些限制，至少在理论上是禁止招募异教徒的。僧侣和僧侣被禁止参军，而犯有通奸罪或类似罪行的人，已经被不光彩地退伍的人，在技术上被取消入伍资格。但无法知道在多大程度上遵守了此类规定。很可能在从 7 世纪中叶开始发展的情况下，罗马时期的大部分正式规定都变得无关紧要。无论如何，对于外国单位，尤其是穆斯林、法兰克人和拜占庭宗教政治权威范围之外的其他人，以及可能属于非东正教社区的其他人（例如亚美尼亚人），此类法规的适用是不可能的。离君士坦丁堡越远，这些规定就越有可能被忽视。到 10 世纪，出身、军事价值和招募不同类型部队士兵的背景的更大多样性必然导致他们的入伍和服役条件同样多样化，而不仅仅是在简单的军区士兵和帝国近卫士兵之间。但在外国部队和为特定活动招募的雇佣兵之间。）
All soldiers paid by the government, whether tagmata or themata，were listed in military registers, copies of which were maintained in their province and in the government department responsible at Constantinople. Foreign units employed as mercenaries under their own officers could he treated in the same way or paid through their leaders, who would receive a lump sum at regular intervals to be distributed to the men. Leave was granted on a rotational basis, and for periods of between 30 days and three months, depending on the situation of the unit in question — whether on active service, for example, or in winter quarters. The number of men who could be absent at any given time was restricted, and officers who permitted more men to be away could be punished. But it is not clear whether these rules were observed or to which types of unit they were applied.
（所有由政府支付的士兵，无论是禁卫军还是军区士兵，都被列入军事登记册，其副本保存在他们所在的省和负责君士坦丁堡的政府部门中。 外国部队在自己的军官手下当佣兵，可以同样待遇，也可以通过他们的领导人支付，他们会定期收到一笔款项，分给这些人。 休假是轮流休假的，休假时间为 30 天到 3 个月不等，具体取决于所涉单位的情况——例如，是在现役还是在冬季宿舍。 在任何特定时间可以缺席的人的数量受到限制，允许更多人离开的军官可能会受到惩罚。 但尚不清楚这些规则是否得到遵守或它们适用于哪些类型的单位。）
Soldiers received no state benefits when they retired, other than their protected fiscal status and special legal privileges, although there was a great deal of official rhetoric about how the emperor and the state should look after those who fought for the faith and for God's empire on earth. Until the end of the 6th or middle of the 7th centuries there was a system of state pensions or annuities, but the conditions of the 7th century probably made such arrangements financially impossible for the hard-pressed government. For the ordinary soldiers of the field armies in the provinces this was reflected in the state's acceptance and probable encouragement of their being supported directly front their own households, which by the later 8th century, if not long before, resulted in the majority of thematic soldiers holding landed property from which their duties could be supported. They had to supply provisions for a limited period, equipment and weaponry, and mounts when they were called up for the yearly campaigning season. When such provincial soldiers were too old to serve actively, they will simply have returned to their farms or traditional occupations. Soldiers could thus be divided into several categories according to the conditions under which they were recruited: self-supporting thematic militia, full-time theme soldiers supported by state salaries and other emoluments; professionals recruited for particular regiments or for particular campaigns. All shared the same legal rights, however, until the introduction of ever larger numbers of foreign mercenaries in the 11th and 12th centuries rendered this picture much more complex.
（士兵退休时没有得到任何国家福利，除了他们受保护的财政地位和特殊的法律特权，尽管有很多官方言论关于皇帝和国家应该如何照顾那些为信仰和上帝的帝国而战的人 地球。直到 6 世纪末或 7 世纪中叶，才有了国家养老金或年金制度，但 7 世纪的条件可能使压力重重的政府在财政上无法做出这样的安排。 对于各省野战军的普通士兵来说，这反映在国家接受并可能鼓励他们直接在自己的家庭面前得到支持，这在 8 世纪后期，如果不是很久之前，导致了大多数主题士兵 持有可以支持他们履行职责的土地。当他们被征召参加每年的竞选季节时，他们必须提供有限时期的补给、装备和武器以及坐骑。当这些省级士兵年龄太大而不能积极服役时，他们只会回到他们的农场或传统职业。因此，可以根据招募条件将士兵分为几类：自给自足的主题民兵，由国家工资和其他报酬支持的专职主题士兵；为特定团或特定战役招募的专业人员。然而，所有人都享有相同的合法权利，直到 11 和 12 世纪引入越来越多的外国雇佣兵，使情况变得更加复杂。）
Many men who had completed their service in the army (as well as many who were trying to avoid conscription or who had deserted) entered a monastery. Most of the evidence concerns senior officers, but there is nevertheless some information on ordinary soldiers opting for this mode of retirement, in particular those who had no family cares. Official regulations forbidding serving soldiers to join a monastery were repeated from the late Roman legislation. Adopting the monastic life catered both for the spiritual well-being of the individuals concerned as well as providing a degree of economic security. It offered at the same time a way through which the soldier could atone for the sins he had committed in terms of killing the enemies of the empire and of his faith while serving the emperor. The numbers entering monasteries among the officers of the provinces was substantial enough for an Arab historian to remark on the fact, and to note that those who pursued this life forfeited the continuation of their cash salary, to which they were otherwise entitled as bearers of an imperial title.
（许多完成了军队服役的人（以及许多试图避免征兵或逃跑的人）进入了修道院。大多数证据与高级军官有关，但也有一些关于选择这种退休方式的普通士兵的信息，特别是那些没有家庭照顾的士兵。罗马晚期的立法重复了禁止现役士兵加入修道院的官方规定。过修道生活既满足了有关个人的精神福祉，也提供了一定程度的经济保障。它同时提供了一种方法，使士兵可以为他在为皇帝服务时杀死帝国和信仰的敌人所犯下的罪行进行赎罪。各省官员进入修道院的人数之多足以让阿拉伯历史学家评论这一事实，并指出那些追求这一生的人丧失了继续获得现金工资的权利，否则他们有权作为帝国头衔。）
未完待续
