【简译】图卢姆（Tulum）

2022-09-03 11:59 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

Tulum, on the east coast of the Yucatan peninsula in southern Mexico, was an important Mesoamerican centre which displayed both Maya and Toltec influence. Tulum was a major trading and religious centre between the 11th and 16th centuries CE and, dramatically situated near the sea, it is one of the most evocative ancient sites in Mexico.

图卢姆位于墨西哥南部尤卡坦半岛的东海岸，是重要的中美洲中心之一，这里深受玛雅和托尔特克文化的影响。图卢姆在公元11世纪到16世纪之间是主要的贸易和宗教中心；而且，它靠近大海，是墨西哥最令人回味的古代遗址之一。

First settled in the 6th century CE, Tulum prospered, especially so under Mayapán influence from c. 1200 CE, and was an important centre trading in such typical barter goods of the period as cotton, foodstuffs, copper bells, axes, and cacao beans. Protected by the jungle of Quintana Roo, the site survived the general Maya collapse and was largely left untouched by the Spanish.

图卢姆最早在公元6世纪有人定居，这里逐渐变得繁荣昌盛，尤其是在公元1200年左右，此地受玛雅文明影响，是当时典型的贸易中心，如棉花、食品、铜铃、斧头和可可豆等。在金塔纳罗奥州丛林的保护下，该遗址在玛雅人的全面崩溃中幸存下来，得益于它在很大程度上未被西班牙人发现。

The ceremonial complex of Tulum, built on a 12-metre-high limestone cliff, was surrounded on three sides by fortification walls, while the fourth side faces the Caribbean Sea. Indeed, the very name Tulum is a colonial one and means 'wall'. The original local name may have been Zama meaning 'dawn' in reference to the site's position facing east across the sea.

图卢姆的建筑群位于12米高的石灰岩悬崖上，三面被防御墙包围，而第四面则面向加勒比海。事实上，图卢姆这个名字本身就是一个殖民时期的名字，意思是 "墙"。当地的原名可能是Zama，意思是'黎明'，指的是该遗址朝东隔海相望的位置。

Residential buildings were built outside the sacred walled area which was reserved for the rulers of Tulum. The largest structure is the Castillo (Castle) which is in fact a temple pyramid displaying architectural influences from the Toltec civilization, such as over-door niches and serpent-columns. In addition, the stucco sculpture which decorates the building recalls those at Mayapán. The halls of the Castillo, and also Structure 25, are also notable for their well-preserved examples of beam-and-mortar roofs.

居住区建在神圣的墙外，是为图卢姆的统治者保留的。最大的建筑是Castillo（城堡），它实际上是一个神庙金字塔，体现了托尔特克文明建筑风格的影响——如门外壁龛和蛇形柱。此外，装饰该建筑的灰泥雕塑让人想起马雅潘的那些雕塑。城堡的大厅和25号遗址结构也因其保存完好的梁柱式屋顶而备受瞩目。

The Temple of the Frescoes is a squat square building which has undergone several modifications over the centuries. In the Classic period there seems only to have been a vaulted shrine, but this was later surrounded by a larger structure which had a four-column facade. Later still, the second storey was added. Stucco faces on the exterior suggest the building was dedicated to the god Itzamnaaj.

壁画神庙是一座方形建筑，几个世纪以来经历了几次修缮。在古典时期，这里似乎只有一个拱形的神龛，但后来它被一个更大的建筑结构所包围，该结构有一个四柱的外墙。后来，又建造了第二层楼。外部的壁画表明该建筑是供奉伊萨姆纳伊神的。

The earliest wall paintings, which give the building its name, date to the 11th or 12th centuries CE, but some are certainly later, perhaps post conquest. They depict figures performing various actions such as a woman grinding corn on a stone (metate), the goddess Chak Chel carrying two images of the god Chahk, and the Aztec god Tezcatlipoca with his black eye band and turquoise mask. The latter strongly suggests contact with central Mexican centres. Most figures are strikingly painted in blue on a black background, and panels are divided by twisted snake-like borders, perhaps representing umbilical cords and therefore a genealogical connection between the figures. Frescoes appear on both the outer and inner walls of several other buildings at Tulum but always using only three colours – red, blue, and yellow – with outlines painted in black and accompanied by Maya glyphs.

最早的壁画，也就是该建筑的名称，可以追溯到公元11或12世纪，但一些壁画肯定更晚，也许是在被征服之后才绘画的。它们描绘了一些人物在做各种动作，如一个女人在石头上磨玉米（metate），女神Chak Chel带着两个Chahk神的图像，以及具有黑色眼圈和带着绿松石面具的阿兹特克神Tezcatlipoca。后者强烈表明与墨西哥中部中心的联系。大多数人物都是在黑色背景上用蓝色颜料画的，面板被扭曲的蛇形边框分割开来，也许代表着脐带，可能代表着人物之间的族谱关系。壁画出现在图卢姆其他几座建筑的外墙和内墙，但总是只用三种颜色——红、蓝、黄，轮廓用黑色画，并附有玛雅字样。

Other structures at Tulum include the dramatically sited Temple of the Winds which was built in honour of the wind god and helped guide sailors through the reef, a palace building in a poor state of preservation, various platforms, and the Temple of the Descending God. This latter building and the presence on several other structures of stucco figures of winged gods descending suggest the site was specifically in honour of this strange deity also known as the 'diving god' and perhaps connected to the planet Venus and the associated Maya god Xux Ek.

图卢姆的其他建筑还包括位置显赫的风神庙，它是为了纪念风神并帮助引导水手通过礁石而建造的，还有一座保存状况不佳的宫殿建筑，那里有许多平台，以及降神庙。后一个建筑和其他几个建筑上出现的带翅膀的神的灰泥形象表明，该遗址是专门为了纪念这个奇怪的神，也被称为 "潜水之神"，或许与金星和相关的玛雅神Xux Ek有关。