AP Chem 学习指南 //很用心的QWQ
全篇仅代表作者观点，uu们要根据自己的需求和时间合理安排嗷～
关于看课：
只要报了AP科目，CB里面都会有自己的课程的。实在嫌弃CB加载慢的话YouTube也有相同课程：
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxLQi0FDhmM&list=PLoGgviqq4845Sy3UfnNh_PljzAptMR7MQ
B站也有巨佬们的讲课，但是好像部分有点超纲咧，有时间的话可以看看的很有意义✔️
关于知识点：
草率过一下，如果差不多都知道讲什么那么差不多就可以上战场了 qwq
Unit 1 Atomic Structure and Properties
MCQ: Bohr's Model: Principal Quantum Numbers 越大, Energy 越小 - 越靠原子核,能量越大
FRQ: 计算：
=
=
h: 6.63*10^-34 joule*sec
v: frequency
: wavelength
c: speed of light,
MCQ&FRQ: Periodic Table 元素&离子命名 -离子命名注意先剥离的最外层电子，如先剥离4s而不是3d
MCQ: 半满 e.g. O的第一电离能小于N. There is repulsion between paired electrons in O's 2p orbitals.
FRQ解释：元素周期表越左、下半径越大；越右、上第一电离能越大
解释一定答完整！！！(电子层数, electron shielding, nuclear charge, attraction)
MCQ: 通过第一电离能判断valance electrons
Electron Affinity & Electronegativity 搞懂定义
MCQ: 库仑定律，两个原子优先看charge（大，吸引力大），后看radius（大，吸引力小）
MCQ: Ultraviolet/visible radiation transition in energy levels
Infrared radiation-molecular vibration
Microwave radiation-molecular rotations
同一个group的化学性质相同
MCQ: Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES)
Unit 2 Molecular & Ionic Compound Structure and Properties
MCQ: Metallic Bonds, 金属+金属 - Mobile electrons - conductors of electricity and heats
2 factors: mobile electrons 越大_越大，radius越小_越大
MCQ: Alloys, 判断两种金属的radius大小 -> 看图选
MCQ & FRQ: Ionic Bonds,金属+非金属, 送电子, Lattice Energy 越大_越大_更高的熔点
2 factors: charge越大_越大, distance between ions越小_越大 (库仑定律)
固态没有导电性，液态有
MCQ & FRQ: Covalent Bonds, 非金属+非金属, 共享电子
1. Nonpolar Covalent Bond, 氢气/二氧化碳, Net dipole moment
2. Polar Covalent Bond, 水, 极性越大_dipole moment越大
MCQ & FRQ: Bond Length: 键长 单>双>三; 键强 单<双<三
MCQ（图）: Potential Energy最小的时候, Internuclear Distance = 核间距
MCQ & FRQ: Lewis (Dot) Structure: Octet Rule：每个原子周围都有8个电子
Exception: Group 17—F, Cl, Br, I.. 只连一条键
电负性越小---中心原子的优先项
FRQ: Resonance Structure, NO3, Formal charge 越接近0，越稳定,
MCQ: Bond Order：键数（double bonds 算两个bonds）/ 成键数（double/triple bonds 算一个bond）
FRQ: Formal Charge：valence electrons-nonbonding electrons-成键数
Molecular Shape 加油背skrrrrr
MCQ & FRQ: Hybridization: sp3(4) = 全单键，sp2(3) = 有一双键，sp (2)= 两双键/一三键
electron domain (a);
1 sigma=single bond; 1 sigma + 1 pi=double bond; 1 sigma + 2 pi=triple bond
Unit 3 Intermolecular Forces and Properties
MCQ & FRQ: Intramolecular Forces: attraction within a molecule
Covalent Networks: SiO2 当题目让你比较两个物质的熔点发现不对劲的时候，别忘了这个！！Intra强度远远大于inter的
MCQ & FRQ: Intermolecular Forces: the attraction between molecules
IMF越强，熔点、沸点更高；
4 types of IMF:
1. London Dispersion Force (LDF): 电子数目越多-higher polarizability-LDF越大; 所有分子都有, FRQ写的时候问你有什么IMF的时候别忘了它
2. Dipole-Dipole Force: 极性分子和极性分子
3. Hydrogen Bonds: IMF中力最大的; N,O,F ---- H——N,O,F（领会精神）
4. (Diopole-Induced Dipole): 极性分子和非极性分子
MCQ & FRQ: Gas
1. Ideal gas assumptions: (a)分子间作用力=0；(b)分子本身体积忽略不计；(c)气体分子与容器杯壁发生完全弹性碰撞，没有能量损失
2. 计算: PV=nRT
3. Deviation: (a) 低温 （b) 高压（体积小）(c)IMF越大, deviation越大
4. Vapor Pressure 越高，沸点越低，IMF越小
5. Partial Pressure: P total = P1+P2+P3+...;
=
6. Mole Fraction
7. Concentration
8. 扩散速率跟摩尔质量有关，越大越慢
Liquid
1. Solubility
2. Paper Chromatography: 同极相吸, nonpolar solvent 移动 nonpolar dye 最远
solvent front 比例 e.g.2017_NA_FRQ_4 (b)
3. Spectrophotometer: A(absorbance)=a(molar absorptivity)b(path length)c(concentration)
数据低了仪器里多半有水
Unit 4 Chemical Reaction
http://nonsibihighschool.org/advancedch16.php
看完这页网站脱胎换骨，耐心看完（
Reduction: Gain Electrons
Oxidation: Lose Electrons
Redox = Reduction + Oxidation
O usually has an oxidation number of -2
H bond with metal: -1; H bond with nonmetal: +1
Balancing Redon Equation
Half Equation
Unit 5 Kinetics
Reaction Rate =
Factors that affect reaction rate: (a) concentration 碰撞频率上升; (b) temperature kinetic energy上升（相同温度kinetic energy相同），碰撞频率上升; (c)catalyst lowering activation energy; (d) surface area
Collision Theory: (a) Particles must collide; (b) Sufficient energy; (c) Correct orientation
Rate law: 两组concentraion & rate的比较
Reaction order
Rate-determing steps: the slowest step
overall steps: order之和
了解intermediate & 多个反应的rate怎么写成一个rate
Unit 6 Thermodynamics
计算：Q=cmΔt & Enthalpy change
ΔH<0 exothermic; ΔH>0 endothermic
Hess's Law enthalpy的加加减减
Enthalpy of Formation: ΔH=
ΔH product-
Bond Enthalpy: ΔH=
Unit 7 Equilibrium
http://nonsibihighschool.org/advancedch15.php
看完这页网站脱胎换骨，耐心看完（
Bullet Points:
Chemical Equilibrium Constant -- net but not 0-----liquid & solid 不算在等式里面
Common Ion Effect
Ka越大，酸性越强；Kb越大，碱性越强
Reactant Quotient: Q<K forward reaction; Q>K backword reaction
Mutistep Equilibrium: K=K1*K2
Le Chatelier's Law: (a) cncentration; (b) Pressure增大压力，反应项分子数减少的方向移动; (c) Temperature 根据是endo还是exo判断改变方向: (d)无关气体不影响平衡常数
Ksp & Solubility
Unit 8 Acids and Base
http://nonsibihighschool.org/advancedch17.php
看完这页网站脱胎换骨，耐心看完（
Bullet Points:
Definition of Acid & Base
Strong Acid & Base; Weak Acid & Base; Conjugated Pair
Calculate pH
Percent Ionization
Buffers: a mixture of a weak acid(base) and its conjugate base(acid) pH=pKa half equivalence point
Titration Curve
FRQ: Indicators
Unit 9 Application of Thermodynamics
http://nonsibihighschool.org/advancedch14.php //Entropy
http://nonsibihighschool.org/advancedch16.php // Electrochemistry
看完这页网站脱胎换骨，耐心看完（
Bullet Points:
Entropy
Gibbs Free Energy
Electrochemistry
Electrolysis
Galvanic Cells
关于刷题：
平时随手刷刷13-19年的卷子保持手感，模考拿2022的
//当中有有机的部分可以跳过捏
对于冲刺的话，MCQ一道题的时间尽量不要超过1.5min... 不会的直接跳，毕竟只要正确率大于80%就都是5的.. FRQ练习的时候不要看答案嗷...
长线的话也可以随手刷刷的，指不定学校考试的时候给你碰上原题了（
<快速通道>
Question Papers:
https://pan.baidu.com/s/15v1_cN7VfjuxxE9DpbdWrA 提取码: fyft
Answers:
https://pan.baidu.com/s/1lJBqgWLzLvfJ3ryL6V1DQA 提取码: jkbh
