wiki笔记--Pedunculopontine nucleus（欲望之所在）--2021/4/16
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Pedunculopontine nucleus
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Pedunculopontine nucleus
Details
Identifiers
Latin
nucleus tegmentalis pedunculopontinus
MeSH
D045042
NeuroNames
504
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_1437
TA
A14.1.06.336
FMA
72429
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The pedunculopontine nucleus or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem.[1][2] It lies caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It has two divisions of subnuclei; the pars compacta containing mainly cholinergic neurons, and the pars dissipata containing mainly glutamatergic neurons and some non-cholinergic neurons.[2] The pedunculopontine nucleus is one of the main components of the reticular activating system.[3][4] It was first described in 1909 by Louis Jacobsohn-Lask, a German neuroanatomist.[5][6]
Contents
· 1Projections
· 2Functions
· 3Parkinson disease
· 4References
· 5External links
Projections[edit]
Pedunculopontine nucleus neurons project axons to a wide range of areas in the brain,[7] particularly parts of the basal ganglia such as the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, and globus pallidus internus.
（Pedunculopontine nucleus的活动激发basal ganglia，意味着激发活动，激发thalamus，意味着激发欲望的记忆。）
It also sends them to targets in the thalamus, cerebellum, basal forebrain, and lower brainstem, and in the cerebral cortex, the supplementary motor area and somatosensory and motor cortices.[3][4][8]
It receives inputs from many areas of the brain,[7] including the basal ganglia to which it projects with the exception of the substantia nigra pars compacta to which it projects but does not receive, while it receives but does not project to the substantia nigra pars reticulata.[3][4]
(这里不过就是想说Pedunculopontine nucleus投射到basal ganglia的许多地方, 但是不投射到substantia nigra pars reticulata，相反substantia nigra pars reticulata投射到Pedunculopontine nucleus。这里substantia nigra pars reticulata是抑制型的，是对Pedunculopontine nucleus的抑制，此外substantia nigra pars reticulata投射到superior colliculus，对眼睛的转动起到直接控制的作用，除了prefrontal cortex和parietal cortex两处皮层控制眼动（prefrontal cortex处接受颜色的视觉信息，parietal cortex接受亮度的视觉信息，因此有两种不同的控制方式，自然有相对的两种不同眼动模式。比如你想要用眼睛比量两个物体的距离，你就不能用颜色动眼方式去测量，所以很容易发现生活中某性格特点的人的测距能力更弱，或者对于你自己存在测距能力弱的时候。）。除了上述皮层控制动眼，还有substantia nigra pars reticulata这种控制，别忘了盲人一样要动眼，只要Pedunculopontine nucleus活动。而且在REM睡眠期，眼动活动也很强烈，副交感系统活动也很强烈，通过lateral hypothalamus兴奋habenular nucleus，通过diagonal band of Broca（也投射cholinergic axon到海马皮层）投射抑制轴突到habenular nucleus, 总之是要通过lateral habenular nucleus兴奋Pedunculopontine nucleus，从而大面积兴奋basal ganglia和thalamus，此时正是substantia nigra pars reticulata的活动产生了眼球快动，同时又对Pedunculopontine nucleus进行抑制（不是说抑制到死，而是参与调节），nucleus accumbens也活动强烈，抑制ventral pallidum, 解放dorsomedial thalamus，从而解放prefrontal cortex，造就了逼真而丧失距离感的梦境，反映了你潜意识的欲望。其实白日困倦，趴着假寐，让自己的眼球自由左右转动，若有所失那种状态，能够有一个很好的休息效果，因为此时Pedunculopontine nucleus活动，副交感系统充分自由活跃。在所有哺乳动物中，habenular nucleus是神经系统中一个不对称结构，左右核团大小有很大差异，而basal ganglia和中的cholinergic，这或许左右利手出现的根本原因吧，或许REM状态（包括非睡眠时的白日梦）是为了平衡两侧大脑的海马皮层，因为habenular nucleus左右不平衡，那么对它的控制模式也一定左右不平衡，这里尤其涉及basal ganglia和海马皮层。没想到这里要写这么多，我前面还没铺垫好内容就直接说出这么多惊世骇俗的推论，对这里的内容是我依据其他假设的推论，无意中给出了左右利手产生的原因，以及REM睡眠的必要性原因，一切都源于habenular nucleus左右不平衡，对habenular nucleus的控制模式也左右不平衡，而Pedunculopontine nucleus的活动导致潜意识欲望的产生，是副交感系统活动兴奋lateral habenular nucleus再兴奋Pedunculopontine nucleus的结果。副交感活动不强烈，就没有欲望产生，欲望也是一种记忆，是由thalamus先激发然后激发皮层的结果。今天就先写这些吧。一个最典型的例子，你看到别人手里诱人的食物或其他什么东西，而恰巧你处于放松状态，你一定有所本能反应，而抵制这一诱惑的一个下意识然后变成有意识的行为就是转动眼球看向别处。拉布拉多狗按主人指令拒绝食物时眼睛看向其他地方。其实，你自己对此更方便去体验。)
Functions[edit]
The pedunculopontine nucleus is involved in many functions, including arousal, attention, learning, reward, and voluntary limb movements and locomotion.[9][10] While once thought important to the initiation of movement, recent research suggests a role in providing sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex.[9] It is also implicated in the generation and maintenance of REM sleep.[7]
Recent research has discovered that the pedunculopontine nucleus is involved in the planning of movement, and that different networks of neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus are switched on during real and imagined movement.[10]
Parkinson disease[edit]
Research is being done on whether deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus might be used to improve the gait and postural difficulties found in Parkinson disease.[9][11]
