【简译】莫卧儿帝国四位重要的皇室女性
It was not only the Mughal emperors that left an indelible mark in the history of the Indian subcontinent but also the queens and princesses. The latter's contributions to art, architecture, literature, cuisine, refinement, and administrative institutions were remarkable. The impact of these women is still being felt in the life of the people of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan today.
在印度次大陆历史上留下不可磨灭印记的不仅是莫卧儿王朝的皇帝，还有他们的皇后与公主。后者在艺术、建筑、文学、美食、精致生活和行政机构方面都做出了卓越的贡献。时至今日，这些女性对印度、孟加拉国和巴基斯坦人民的生活仍然产生着影响。
莫卧儿帝国
The Mughal dynasty, established by Zahiruddin Mohammad Babur (r. 1526–1530), continued with all its splendour and glory until Aurangzeb (1618-1707). A decline began after the rule of the Great Mughals. The Later Mughals' reign witnessed the Mughal Empire's disintegration, and the last Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar (r. 1837-1857), was only a nominal ruler. The victory of Babur against the last ruler of the tottering Lodi dynasty on April 21, 1526, at the first battle of Panipat, changed the course of Indian history.
莫卧儿王朝由查希尔丁·穆罕默德·巴布尔（Zahiruddin Mohammad Babur）建立，其辉煌和荣耀一直延续到奥朗则布（Aurangzeb，1618-1707 年在位）。伟大的莫卧儿王朝之后开始衰落，后来的莫卧儿皇帝们见证了莫卧儿帝国的解体，最后一位皇帝巴哈杜尔·沙二世（Bahadur Shah Zafar，1837年至1857年在位）只是名义上的统治者。1526 年 4 月 21 日，巴布尔在第一次帕尼帕特战役中击败了摇摇欲坠的洛迪王朝的最后一位统治者，改变了印度历史的进程。
A composite culture evolved with the amalgamation of old with new. The aristocratic Mughal ladies did not lead a secluded life in the cloistered walls of the harem. They had a definite role in various facets of social and political life. Beginning with Aisan Daulat Begum, maternal granddaughter of Babur, the Mughal ladies such as the author of Humayun Nama Gulbadan Banu Begum (daughter of Babur and sister of Humayun), Maham Anaga (foster mother of Akbar), Mah Chuchak Begum (stepmother of Akbar), Nur Jahan (queen of Jahangir), Mumtaz Mahal (queen of Shah Jahan), Jahanara Begum as well as Roshanara Begum (daughter of Shah Jahan) influenced politics, culture, and society of the period.
随着新旧文化的融合，一种复合文化逐渐形成。莫卧儿王朝的贵族淑女们并没有在后宫的围墙里过着与世隔绝的生活。她们在社会和政治生活的各个方面都扮演着重要角色。从巴布尔的外孙女艾桑·道拉特·贝古姆（Aisan Daulat Begum）开始，莫卧儿王朝的贵妇们，如《胡马雍-纳玛(Humayun-nama)》的作者古尔巴丹·贝古姆（Gulbadan Begum，巴布尔的女儿，Humayun 的妹妹）、马哈姆·安加（Maham Anga，阿克巴的养母）、 马楚恰·贝古姆（阿克巴的继母）、努尔·贾汉（贾汉吉尔的皇后）、穆姆塔兹·玛哈尔（沙贾汗的皇后）、贾哈纳拉·贝古姆以及罗珊娜拉·贝古姆（沙贾汗的女儿）等，这些莫卧儿女性影响了当时的政治、文化和社会。
When the heated debate is going on about wearing hijab by Muslim ladies in India encompassing ideological and religious polemics, it is interesting to go back to the past surrounding the status of Muslim women in Mughal India. The present is intertwined with the past, both supplementing each other. A section of society in contemporary India is imposing a strict dress code for Muslim women. Juxtaposing it with the status of Muslim women about 400 years earlier would give the readers a contrasting view. It would be worthwhile to know the activities of the Mughal queens and princesses. Were they independent in their thought process? What was their contribution to the then society? Did they share power in the Mughal administration? Was there gender empowerment in medieval India?
印度穆斯林女性戴头巾的问题在意识形态和宗教领域引起激烈争论时，我们不妨回顾一下莫卧儿印度穆斯林女性地位的过去。今昔交织，相辅相成。当代印度社会的一部分人正在对穆斯林女性实施严格的着装要求。将其与大约 400 年前穆斯林女性的地位并列，会给读者带来截然不同的视角。了解莫卧儿王朝皇后和公主的活动也很有价值。她们的思想是否独立？她们对当时的社会有何贡献？她们在莫卧儿王朝的管理中分享权力吗？中世纪印度是否存在性别赋权？
女性地位
The Mughal royal women played a significant role in consolidating and holding the stature of the Mughal Empire in South Asia. Their contributions in political, economic, cultural, and religious spheres advanced the Empire's strength, besides the prosperity of the rulers. While the famous men of the Mughal royal family get attention and appreciation, the lives, activities, achievements, and contributions of the royal Mughal ladies have rarely received due attention from scholars. The role of these royal women in politics was noteworthy as these women were actively engaged in both harem and court politics. Their ideas hugely impacted the rulers, and many even ruled the Empire behind the curtains on behalf of the rulers.
莫卧儿王室的女性在巩固和保持莫卧儿帝国在南亚的地位方面发挥了重要作用。她们在政治、经济、文化和宗教领域所做的贡献不仅促进了统治者的繁荣，还增强了帝国的实力。虽然莫卧儿王室的名人受到关注和赞赏，但莫卧儿王室贵妇的生活、活动、成就和贡献却很少受到学者应有的关注。这些王室女性在政治上的作用值得一提，因为她们积极参与后宫和宫廷政治。她们的思想对统治者产生了巨大的影响，许多人甚至代表统治者在幕后统治着帝国。
Besides these royal women, the space of the zenana (the women's quarters of a household) has also been overlooked by researchers. In its place, the harem has been depicted as a place of only sensuous indulgence, where thousands of nubile womenfolk were held captive and led cloistered lives as sex objects in an atmosphere of jealousy and frustration. Conspiracies about succession to the throne were rampant. However, the truth is somewhat more complex and surprisingly something else.
除了这些皇室女性，Zenana（家庭中的女眷区，后宫）也被研究人员忽视了。取而代之的是，后宫被描述为一个放纵肉欲的地方，成千上万的少女被囚禁在这里，在嫉妒和沮丧的气氛中过着隐居的性生活。关于王位继承的阴谋也甚嚣尘上。然而，事实却更加复杂，令人惊讶。
The women's quarter was a multicultural space, not only for the rulers' consorts. It was meant for relatives seeking asylum from other kingdoms, widows of important generals, Portuguese and English servants, women soldiers acting as guards, unmarried relatives, respected grandmas and aunts, Rajput princesses and children, attendants, and tradeswomen of all types. The highest-ranking women of the Mughal era enjoyed a highly sophisticated life of luxury, aesthetics, and specific advisory power.
女眷区是一个多元文化的空间，不仅仅是为统治者的后妃们准备的。这里住着从其他王国寻求庇护的亲属、重要将领的遗孀、葡萄牙和英国仆人、担任卫兵的女兵、未婚亲属、德高望重的祖母和姑姑、拉其普特公主和女儿、侍从以及各类女商人。莫卧儿时代最高级别的女性享受着奢华、审美观和特定顾问权力的精致生活。
Some noble women in the imperial household are chronicled as powerful as their spouses, occasionally demonstrating more decisive roles in government and acting as patrons of the arts, science, and literature. These royal ladies often understood their power and worked as formidable lobby groups.
据载，皇室中的一些贵族女性与她们的配偶一样有权有势，偶尔会在政府中扮演更具决定性的角色，并充当艺术、科学和文学的赞助人。这些皇室女眷往往深知自己的权力，并充当强大的游说团体。
The contemporary Persian accounts mainly described the court histories concerned with the several eventful activities in the lives of the emperors. Though these records mention the royal women in specific contexts as a part of the more significant account, distinct and detailed descriptions of their lives are absent. While the memoirs of Babar and Jahangir mention the royal women related to them here, details about the ladies still need to be found.
波斯文献主要描述与皇帝生活中各种忙碌活动有关的宫廷故事。虽然这些记录在特定的背景下提到了皇室女性，作为更重要叙述的一部分，但缺少对她们生活的清晰详细的描述。尽管巴布尔和贾汉吉尔的回忆录在这里提到了与他们有关的王室女性，但有关她们的详细信息尚未找到。
Below are short biographies of four key Mughal royal women. They are:
Nur Jahan (1577-1645)
lMumtaz Mahal (1593-1631)
Jahanara Begum (1614-81)
Roshanara Begum (1617-71)
以下是莫卧儿王朝四位重要皇室女性的简短传记:
努尔·贾汉（1577-1645)
穆姆塔兹·玛哈尔（本名阿珠曼德·芭奴·贝冈）(1593-1631)
贾哈纳拉·贝古姆（嘉罕娜拉）(1614-81)
罗珊娜拉·贝古姆(1617-71)
努尔·贾汉（1577-1645)
The most influential woman at the time of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (r. 1605-1627), Mehrunnissa was born at Kandahar to Persian immigrant Mirza Ghiyas Baig (Itmatuddaulah) and Asmat Begum. In 1607, she worked in the harem after the death of her husband, Quli Khan. Jahangir met her for the first time in 1611 and was infatuated. Named Nur Mahal or 'Light of the Palace' after marriage with the emperor, she was bestowed with the title Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') five years later.
Mehr-un-Nissa是莫卧儿皇帝贾汉吉尔（1605-1627 年在位）时代最有影响力的女性，出生于坎大哈，是波斯移民米尔扎·吉亚斯·拜格 (Mirza Ghiyas Baig) (Itmatuddaulah) 和阿斯马特·贝古姆 (Asmat Begum) 的女儿。1607 年，她的丈夫阿里·库力·伊斯塔吉鲁（Ali Quli Istajlu）去世后，她在后宫工作。1611 年，贾汉吉尔第一次见到了她，并为之着迷。嫁给皇帝后，她被命名为努尔·玛哈尔（Nur Mahal）（“宫殿之光”），五年后又被授予努尔·贾汉（Nur Jahan）（“世界之光”）的称号。
Queen Nur Jahan, an intelligent and elegant lady, became very active in court politics, wielding power through her clique, known as the Nur Jahan junta. Her name was inscribed on the coinage, and Nur Jahan sometimes gave audiences in her palace. An ace shooter and hunter of wild animals, Nur Jahan delved into political intrigues. She was instrumental in making her father and brother Asaf Khan high officers in the court. Ladli Begum, her daughter from her first marriage, was married to the son of Jahangir, Shahryar, who became Nur Jahan's candidate for the Mughal throne. Prince Khurram, the future Shah Jahan (r.1 627-1658), rebelled against Jahangir, which was suppressed.
努尔·贾汉皇后是一位聪慧优雅的女性，在宫廷政治中非常活跃，并通过她的小集团“努尔·贾汉军政府”行使权力。她的名字被刻在钱币上，努尔·贾汉有时还在她的宫殿里举行觐见。她也是一名王牌射手和猎人，还热衷于政治阴谋。她帮助父亲和哥哥阿萨夫汗成为宫廷中的高级官员。她第一次婚姻所生的女儿拉德莉·贝古姆（Ladli Begum）嫁给了贾汉吉尔的儿子沙赫里亚尔（Shahryar），后者成为努尔·贾汉的莫卧儿王朝王位候选人。胡拉姆王子，也就是未来的沙贾汗（1627-1658 年），反抗贾汉吉尔，但被镇压。
Modern historians have questioned the credibility of Nur Jahan's junta. Jahangir was active and did not neglect the affairs of the state. Much of the bias against the queen was the anti-feminist posture of contemporary historians. Nur Jahana's last days were spent supervising her father's mausoleum in Agra. A cultured lady, she was a trendsetter in clothing, cosmetics, and perfumes of the Mughal zenana.
现代历史学家对努尔·贾汉军政府的可信度提出了质疑。贾汉吉尔非常活跃，并没有忽视国家事务。对王后的偏见在很大程度上源于当代历史学家的反女权主义立场。努尔·贾汉的最后时光是在阿格拉看守父亲的陵墓度过的。她是一位有教养的女士，引领着莫卧儿王朝服装、化妆品与香水的发展潮流。
穆姆塔兹·玛哈尔（本名阿珠曼德·芭奴·贝冈）(1593-1631)
The wife of Emperor Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658), Mumtaz Mahal (aka Mumtaz-i-Mahal), has been immortalized because of her deep love for her husband and the source of inspiration behind the Taj Mahal. Known earlier as Arjumand Banu Begum, she was born in April 1593 in Agra to a highly connected and well-placed Persian family. Her father, Asaf Khan (d. 1641), was the Mir Bakshi (War Minister), and her grandfather Itimaduddaula was the Wazir (Revenue Minister) of the Mughal administration. Moreover, Asaf Khan's sister was the famous Nur Jahan (1577-1645). A lady of exceptional beauty and grace, many legends had been woven around Arjumand. Prince Khurram, the future Shah Jahan, was charmed by her in the Meena Bazar (a type of market for the ladies of the Mughals) in 1607. Arjumand was operating a shop of glass beads and silk. Love at first sight blossomed, and both were married after five years, befitting a royal wedding. She received maximum love, care, affection, and passion among the wives of Shah Jahan, who adorned her with the title Mumtaz Mahal Begum ('Beloved Ornament of the Palace'). The couple shared an intimate bond lasting for a lifetime.
沙贾汗皇帝（1628-1658 年）的妻子穆姆塔兹·玛哈尔（又名 Mumtaz-i-Mahal）因对丈夫的深爱而永垂不朽，她也是泰姬陵的灵感之源。她早先的名字是阿珠曼德·芭奴·贝古姆（Arjumand Banu Begum），1593 年 4 月出生于阿格拉一个人脉广泛且地位优越的波斯家庭。他的父亲阿萨夫汗（Asaf Khan，卒于 1641 年）是米尔·巴克希（Mir Bakshi）（战争部长），他的祖父伊蒂马杜达乌拉（Itimaduddaula）是莫卧儿政府的Wazir（财政部长）。此外，阿萨夫汗的姐姐是大名鼎鼎的努尔·贾汉（1577-1645 年）。努尔·贾汉是一位美丽优雅的女性，围绕着阿珠曼德流传着许多传奇故事。1607 年，胡拉姆王子（即未来的沙贾汗）在米娜集市（莫卧儿女士的市场）中被她迷住了。当时，阿珠曼德正在经营一家玻璃与丝绸店。两人一见钟情，五年后便结为夫妻，就像皇家婚礼一样。在沙贾汗的妻子中，她得到了最多的爱意、关怀、亲情和激情，沙贾汗还为她取了一个称号“Mumtaz Mahal Begum”（“皇宫挚爱珍宝”）。这对夫妇的亲密关系持续了一生。
Mumtaz Mahal was unlike some other queens in the medieval and early-modern era, simply living a life of luxury or indulging in court intrigues. She was many times a companion to Shah Jahan on military campaigns. Mumtaz was a pillar of support to the emperor in times of tribulation through her care, comfort, and counsel. She was the favorite wife while queens like Akbarabadi Mahal (d. 1677), Kandahari Mahal (b. 1594), Hasina Begum Sahiba (m. 1617), Manbhavathi Sahiba (m. 1626), and others all had a perfunctory relationship with Shah Jahan. He trusted Mumtaz Mahal so much that the Muhr Uzah (imperial seal) was given to her. The couple had seven surviving children out of fourteen, many of whom had left their mark on Mughal history. Jahanara Begum (1614-1681), a gifted and cultured lady, was the Padishah Begum, Empress of Princesses, who tended the imprisoned Shah Jahan. The eldest son, Dara Shikoh (1615-1659), was the Emperor's favourite and a reputed scholar. Mumtaz did not survive the bloody War of Succession among her sons: Dara (1615-1659), Shuja (1616-1660), Aurangzeb (1618-1707), and Murad (1624-1661). Mumtaz had, at least, taken care of the education of her children. Her secretary Sati-un Nissa tutored the royal siblings. A pious and kind lady, Mumtaz assisted needy and destitute women.
穆姆塔兹·玛哈尔不像中世纪和近代早期的其他女王，只是过着奢华的生活或沉迷于宫廷阴谋。她经常是沙贾汗在军事行动中的同伴。穆姆塔兹通过她的关怀、安慰和建议，在皇帝遭受磨难时成为他的支柱。她是最受宠爱的妻子，而阿克巴拉巴迪·玛哈尔（Akbarabadi Mahal，卒于 1677 年）、坎达哈里·玛哈尔（Kandahari Mahal，卒于 1594 年）、哈西娜·贝古姆·萨希巴（Hasina Begum Sahiba，卒于 1617 年）、曼巴瓦蒂·萨希巴（Manbhavathi Sahiba，卒于 1626 年）等王后都与沙贾汗保持着较浅的关系。沙贾汗非常信任穆姆塔兹·玛哈尔，因此将Muhr Uzah（帝国印章）赐给了她。这对夫妇共有十四个孩子，其中七个幸存，他们中的许多人都在莫卧儿王朝的历史上留下了浓墨重彩的一笔。贾哈纳拉·贝古姆（Jahanara Begum，1614-1681 年）是一位才华横溢、富有教养的女士，她被授予Padishah Begum和“公主皇后”的头衔（Padshah Begum是授予莫卧儿帝国皇后或“第一夫人”的最高帝国头衔，被认为是莫卧儿后宫中最重要的头衔），后来负责照顾被监禁的沙贾汗。长子达拉·希科（Dara Shikoh，1615-1659）是皇帝的宠臣，也是一位著名的学者。在血腥的王位继承战争中，穆姆塔兹的儿子们都没能幸存下来：达拉（1615-1659 年）、舒贾（1616-1660 年）、奥朗则布（1618-1707 年）和穆拉德（1624-1661 年）。穆姆塔兹至少对子女的教育都给予了关注。她的秘书萨蒂-恩·妮莎（Sati-un Nissa）负责辅导王室兄弟姐妹。穆姆塔兹是一位虔诚而善良的女士，她会帮助贫困的妇女。
While accompanying the emperor on a military campaign, the pregnant Mumtaz died on June 17, 1631, after delivering the fourteenth child, Gauhara Begum (1631-1706). The story goes that she made her last wish of erecting a monument as a symbol of true love. A remorseful Shah Jahan kept his promise and ordered the construction of the magnificent Taj Mahal. After six months, the Queen's body was exhumed from Zainabadi garden, Burhanpur, where it was given a temporary burial. The Taj became her mausoleum finally. The tomb, a symbol of undying love, is one of the "Seven Wonders" of the modern world and a major tourist destination.
1631 年 6 月 17 日，怀有身孕的穆姆塔兹在陪同皇帝出征时，在生下第 14 个孩子高哈拉·贝古姆 (Gauhara Begum，1631-1706 年) 后去世。据说他的遗愿是立一座纪念碑作为真爱的象征。悔悟的沙贾汗信守诺言，下令建造宏伟的泰姬陵。6 个月后，穆姆塔兹的遗体布尔汉普尔的扎伊纳巴迪花园中迁出，并暂时安葬在那里。泰姬陵最终成为她的陵墓。这座象征着永恒爱情的陵墓是世界新七大奇迹之一（由瑞士的新七大奇迹协会（New 7 Wonders Foundation，N7W）所发起的票选活动），也是主要的旅游胜地。
贾哈纳拉·贝古姆（嘉罕娜拉）(1614-81)
Jahanara Begum was the second and the eldest living child of Emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. After Mumtaz’s unfortunate death in 1631, the 17-year-old Jahanara was assigned to the royal seal and received the title of Padshah Begum (First lady) of the Mughal Empire. However, her father had three other wives. Being Shah Jahan’s favourite daughter, she wielded key political influence during her father’s rule and was often known as “the most powerful woman in the empire” during that time. She strongly supported her brother, Dara Shikoh as her father’s successor. She sided with the heir-apparent Dara during the war of succession after Shah Jahan’s illness in 1657. She finally joined her father in Agra Fort, where her father had been placed under house arrest by Aurangzeb. Being a dedicated daughter, she cared for Shah Jahan until his death in 1666. Later, she reconciled with Aurangzeb, who conferred the title ‘Empress of Princesses’ and replaced her younger sister, Roshanara Begum, as the First Lady. She was re-engaged in politics, was influential in several crucial matters, and had certain special privileges which other royal women could not enjoy. Jahanara died a spinster during Aurangzeb’s reign.
贾哈纳拉·贝古姆是沙贾汗皇帝和穆姆塔兹·玛哈尔的第二个孩子，也是最大的女儿。1631 年，穆姆塔兹不幸去世后，17 岁的贾哈纳拉被授予皇家印章，并被授予莫卧儿帝国 Padshah Begum（第一夫人）的头衔。然而，她的父亲还有另外三位妻子。作为沙贾汗最宠爱的女儿，她在父亲的统治时期发挥了重要的政治影响力，并经常被称为当时“帝国最有权势的女性”。她坚决支持她的哥哥达拉·希科（Dara Shikoh）成为父亲的继承人。在 1657 年沙贾汗患病后的继承战争中，她站在了继承人达拉一边。最后，她与父亲一起被奥朗则布软禁在阿格拉堡。作为一个尽职尽责的女儿，她一直照顾着沙贾汗，直到 1666 年沙贾汗去世。后来，她与奥朗则布和解，奥朗则布授予她“公主皇后”的称号，并取代她的妹妹罗珊娜拉·贝古姆成为第一夫人。她重新进入政坛，在一些重要事务中发挥了影响力，并享有一些其他王室女性无法享有的特权。贾哈纳拉在奥朗则布统治期间以未婚的身份去世。
罗珊娜拉·贝古姆(1617-71)
The third daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, Roshanara Begum, was a bright princess and a talented poet. She supported her younger brother, Aurangzeb in the war of succession after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657. Roshanara had sibling rivalry with Jahanara, resenting the latter's influence with Shah Jahan. When Aurangzeb became the emperor in 1658, she was awarded the title of Padshah Begum and became the 'First Lady of the Mughal Empire.'
罗珊娜拉·贝古姆是沙贾汗皇帝和他的妻子穆姆塔兹·玛哈尔的第三个女儿，她是一位聪明的公主，也是一位才华横溢的诗人。1657 年沙贾汗患病后，她在继承战争中支持弟弟奥朗则布。罗珊娜拉与贾哈纳拉之间存在手足之情，她不满后者对沙贾汗的影响。1658 年奥朗则布称帝后，她被授予 Padshah Begum 封号，成为“莫卧儿帝国第一夫人”。
A captivating but overlooked area is now receiving due attention. A fresh look at royal Mughal ladies with their social and cultural engagement with the outside world has been highlighted. These regal women were not in historical focus for a considerable time, but recent research has positioned them in the mainstream study of Mughal and medieval South Asian history. Their role in political and financial decisions has now been acknowledged.
现在人们对一个迷人但被遗忘的领域给予了应有的关注。莫卧儿王室贵妇及其与外界的社会和文化接触已经焕然一新。这些皇室女性在相当长的一段时间内并未受到历史关注，但最近的研究已将她们纳入莫卧儿和中世纪南亚历史研究的主流。它在政治和金融决策中的作用现已得到认可。
参考书目：
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原文作者：Patit Paban Mishra
印度桑巴尔普尔大学(Sambalpur University)和马来西亚北方大学（Universiti Utara Malaysia）的历史学教授（已退休），专门研究世界历史，尤其是南亚和东南亚历史。
原文网址: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2098/royal-women-in-the-mughal-empire/
