课文解读 下册 UNIT9 Social Movements of the 1960s 英语国家社会与文化

UNIT9  Social Movements of the 1960s  20世纪60年代的社会运动

1960年2月1日，北卡罗来纳州格林斯博罗市一所黑人大学的四名新生来到一家商店，坐在午餐柜台前。 IntroductionOn February 1, 1960, four freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina, went to a store and sat down at a lunch counter. 当他们要咖啡时，女服务员说她不能为这样的人服务。  When they asked for coffee, the waitress said she could not serve people like them. 学生们认为禁止黑人和白人一起吃饭的种族隔离法是错误的，因此没有走。  The students, believing the segregation law which kept black and white people from eating together was wrong, did not move.经理过来和学生们谈话。  The manager came and talked to the students. 一个警察拿着手杖在他们后面走来走去。  A policeman walked up and down behind them, holding his stick. 学生们继续坐在柜台旁。  The students continued to sit at the counter. 人们挤进商店看会发生什么，直到商店关门。  People crowded into the store to watch what might happen, until the store closed. 第二天，更多的学生来到商店，在午餐柜台坐下。  The next day, a greater number of students came to the store and sat down at the lunch counter. 日复一日，更多的学生来了。  Day after day, additional students came.黑人学生在格林斯博罗的这次安静的“静坐抗议”开启了20世纪60年代的民权运动，这是那个十年中几次社会运动中的第一次。  This quiet "sit-in" by black students in Greensboro began the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, the first of several social movements during that decade.一位美国历史学家霍华德·津恩描述了1960年格林斯博罗第一次静坐后抗议活动是如何蔓延的:“在接下来的12个月里，超过5万人，大部分是黑人，一些是白人，在100个城市参加了这样或那样的示威活动，超过3600人被关进了监狱。  One American historian, Howard Zinn, describes how the protests spread after the first sit-in in Greensboro in 1960: "In the next twelve months, more than fifty thousand people, mostly black, some white, participated in demonstrations of one kind or another in a hundred cities, and over 3 600 people were put in jail. 但到了1960年底，格林斯博罗和其他许多地方的午餐柜台都向黑人开放了。  But by the end of 1960,d lunch counters were open to blacks in Greensboro and many other places.民权运动、青年反战运动以及随后的妇女解放运动在美国历史上有着悠久的根基。  "The Civil Rights Movement, and the youth anti-war, and the women's liberation movements which followed, had long roots in United States history. 然而，许多在参与了20世纪60年代运动的人相信他们在创造一些新的、令人兴奋的东西，这些东西将给美国社会带来深刻的变化。  However, many people who worked in the 1960s movements believed they were creating something new and exciting which would make deep changes in American society.“我们一定会胜利!”美国黑人唱道，坚定了他们与种族偏见作斗争的承诺。  "We shall overcome!" black Americans sang, affirming their commitment to fightracial prejudice.“把所有的东西都放出来吧!”年轻人互相建议，无视他们的父母，他们的父母控制着他们的情绪，尽量不让私人事情公诸于众。  "Let it all hang out!" young people advised each other, defying their parents, whocontrolled their emotions and tried to keep personal matters from becoming public.反战示威者高呼:“见鬼，不，我们不去。”他们拒绝政府征召入伍参加越南战争的命令。  "Hell, no, we won't go." anti-war demonstrators chanted, refusing government orders to be drafted into the army and fight in Vietnam.“说出你的心声，不要打断，”女人们在“观念觉醒”组织中互相鼓励  "Speak your heart without interruption," women encouraged each other in

这些组织帮助女性认识到，在这个男性主导政治、经济、家庭甚至私人话题的社会中，她们是如何受到阻碍的。 "consciousness-raising" groups which helped women recognize how they were beingheld back by a society in which men dominated politics, economics, the family, andeven private conversation.

社会运动为何开始?  Why Did the Social Movements Begin?为什么美国黑人要冒着生命危险违反法律，反抗三k党?”  Why did Black Americans risk their lives breaking the law and defying the Ku KluxKlan?' 为什么年轻人不服从他们的父母、学校管理人员以及民政和军事当局?  Why did young people disobey their parents, school administrators, and civil and military authorities? 是什么让女性走出家门，参加争取民权、反对越南战争、争取从男性统治中解放出来的公开示威活动?  What brought women out of their homes into public demonstrationsfor civil rights, against the War in Vietnam and for their own liberation from maledominance? 为什么这些社会运动在20世纪60年代变得强大?  And why did these social movements become strong in the 1960s?从第二次世界大战结束到20世纪60年代的15年间，许多美国人努力工作以实现他们的梦想。  During the 15 years between the end of World War II and the 1960s, manyAmerican men worked hard to achieve their dreams. 联邦政府为第二次世界大战和朝鲜战争的退伍军人提供教育和住房补贴。  The federal governmentsubsidized education and home ownership for veterans of World War Il and theKorean War. 他们记得20世纪30年代大萧条的艰难时期，并相信他们可以通过长时间努力工作来保护自己的家庭。  They remembered the hard times of the depression of the 1930s andbelieved they could protect their families by working hard for long hours. 他们中的许多人鼓励他们的妻子留在郊区的中产阶级家庭中，抚养他们的三四个孩子。  Many of themencouraged their wives to stay in their middle-class homes in the suburbs, raising theirthree or four children. 他们相信自己正在实现美国梦。”  They believed they were living the American Dream".然而，在美国有一些人对什么是美国梦有不同的看法。  However, there were some people in the United States who had a different ideaof what the American Dream was. 在20世纪60年代，有三个群体——非裔美国人、年轻人和妇女—对他们的生活不满意。In the 1960s, three groups-African-Americans,young people and women—were dissatisfied with their lives.第二次世界大战期间，许多美国黑人体验了南方以外的生活。  During World War II, many black Americans had a taste of life outside the South.有些人在军工和政府工作中获得了不错的薪水;  Some earned good salaries in the war industry and in government jobs; 其他人则加入了陆军或海军。  others joinedthe army or navy. 他们的孩子上了高中和大学。  Their children attended high school and college. 他们知道，在实行种族隔离的南方，黑人找不到好工作，也得不到良好的教育，这不是美国人的生活方式。  They knew that lifein the segregated South, where the black people were prevented from working at goodjobs and getting a good education, was not the American way of life.第二次世界大战期间，中产阶级白人女性受过良好教育，有机会从事责任重大的工作（军工生产），收入丰厚。  Middle-class white women were well-educated and had the opportunity towork in responsible jobs for good pay during World War II. 但是当男人从战场上回来后，他们得到了好工作。  But when men returnedfrom the war, they were given the good jobs. 与从事同样工作的男性相比，女性挣的钱更少，晋升的机会也更少，或是她们成为了家庭主妇，独自在家照顾孩子。  Women earned less money and hadfewer opportunities to advance than men working in the same jobs, or they becamehousewives, isolated at home with their children.许多年轻人憎恨美国社会传统的白人男性价值观。  Many young people resented traditional white male values in US society. 他们认为他们的父亲长时间在外工作赚钱养家的行为是自私的  They believed their fathers, who worked long hours away from home to earn money for

 themselves and their families, were selfish. 年轻女性不愿步母亲的后尘，呆在家里做无报酬的工作，或者在外打工拿低薪。年轻人认为她们有权选择自己的生活方式。  Young women did not want to follow theirmothers' examples, staying home doing unpaid work, or working outside the home for low pay, Young people believed they had the right to choose the way they would livetheir lives. 他们想从事有趣的工作，而不仅仅是为了赚钱而工作。  They wanted to work at jobs which were interesting, not just work to makemoney. 他们认为自己比老师懂得多。  They thought that they knew better than their teachers.当美国军队开始在越南作战时，许多人认为这场战争是错误的。  When the US army began to fight in Vietnam, many people thought the war waswrong.他们不明白美国军队为什么要在亚洲作战。  They did not understand why US troops were fighting in Asia. 年轻人，无论黑人还是白人，都不想参军去越南打仗。  Young people,black and white, did not want to join the army and fight in Vietnam. 母亲们不希望自己的儿子应征入伍。  Mothers did notwant their sons drafted into the army.

谁参与了社会运动?  Who Worked in the Social Movements?许多认为政府和社会是错误的人加入了一个或多个社会运动。  Many people who believed the government and the society were wrong joinedone or more of the social movements. 黑人和白人年轻人参与了所有的运动，许多中产阶级白人女性和一些男性也参与了这些运动。  Black and white young people worked in all themovements, as did many middle-class white women and some men.参与民权运动的人包括年长的(通常是男性)黑人领袖、黑人和白人年轻人、一些白人职业男女和一些白人家庭主妇。  Those who worked in the Civil Rights Movement included older, usually male,black leaders, black and white young people, some white professional men andwomen, and some white housewives.反抗老师、父母和政府当局的年轻人加入了青年运动。  Young people who were rebelling against their teachers, parents and governmentauthorities joined the youth movement. 很少有老年人参与其中，因为许多年轻人认为他们不能相信任何超过30岁的人。  There were few older people involved, sincemany of the young people believed they could not trust anyone over thirty yearsold. 然而，许多中产阶级的白人，尤其是女性，以及中下层的美国黑人积极支持年轻人的反战运动。  However, many middle class white people, especially women, as well as lower and middle class black Americans, actively supported young people in the anti-warmovement. 他们焚烧征兵卡，举行大型集会和游行，抗议政府的战争政策。  They burned draft cards, held large rallies and marched in protest of thegovernment war policy.发起妇女运动的妇女包括专业人士、受过教育的有色人种妇女、年轻或中年的白人家庭主妇和母亲，以及年轻的女性。多种社会运动参与的人群重叠，而且这些运动也使用许多相同的策略、战术和歌曲。  The women who formed the women's movement included professionals, educated women of color, young or middle-aged white housewives and mothers, as well as young v.Not only did some of the same people work in several movements, but the movements also used many of the same strategies and tactics, and songs. 当民权运动开始时，非暴力的直接行动策略，如“静坐”和抵制被用来抗议种族隔离法。  Whenthe Civil Rights Movement began, nonviolent, direct action tactics like "sit-ins" andboycotts were used to protest segregation laws. 年轻人还在学校行政办公室“静坐”，并增加了“宣教”来教育人们关注越南战争。  Young people also used "sit-ins" atthe administration offices of their schools and added "teach-ins" to educate people about the war in Vietnam.

民权运动、反战运动和妇女运动都利用法律体系来挑战法律并迫使变革。  The Civil Rights Movement, the anti-war movement and the women's movement all used the legal system to test laws and to force changes. 在所有的运动中，工人们通过举行大型集会和游行来获得公众的支持，向人们控诉压迫和歧视，向人们宣传运动，并招募新成员。  In all the movements, workers gathered public support by holding large rallies and marches to educate people about oppression and discrimination, to inform people about the movements, and to recruit new members.

什么是社会运动?  What Is a Social Movement?“社会运动”有很多定义。  There are many definitions of "social movement". 一位教授认为，“社会运动是一种行为，在这种行为中，大量参与者有意识地试图改变现有的制度，建立一种新的生活秩序。”  One professor argues that "a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life." 换句话说，人们共同努力改变政府政策和社会。  In other words, people work together to change government policies and society. 另一位教授说，所有的社会运动都有两个基本特征:“结构和自发性。”  Another professor says all social movements have two basic characteristics: "structure and spontaneity." 必须有一个或多个组织(结构)，人们的行动应该来自他们自己(自发性)。  There must be one or more organizations (structure) and people's actions should come from thernselves (spontaneity). 社会运动的其他必要部分是:1;  Other necessary parts of a social movement are:1. 一个能就同一问题相互交流的社会共识，如民权运动中的黑人教会成员。  a social base of people who can communicate with each other about the same problem, such as black church members in the civil rights movement.2. 用某种“信息”或意识形态来指出一个问题并指出如何解决它。  a "message" or ideology that names a problem and shows how to solve it. 静坐示威、要求同工同酬的妇女集会中使用的非暴力反抗就是这样的信息。  Nonviolent civil disobedience used in sit-ins, women's rallies demanding equal pay for equal work are such messages.3. 传播信息并获得更多支持者的能力。  the ability to spread the message and get more supporters. 举行大规模集会和游行，以吸引媒体报道支持一项运动。  Mass rallies and marches are held to attract media coverage for supporting a movement. 因此，社会运动需要社会变革的理念，需要集体行动来实现变革，需要组织来指导行动并吸引支持者。  Therefore, social movements need ideas for social change, collective action to make the change,d and organization to direct the action and attract supporters.民权运动美国南部各州的种族隔离法禁止黑人和白人在电影院坐在一起，在同一家餐馆吃饭，从同一个饮水机喝水，使用同一个洗手间，或一起乘坐公共汽车或火车。  The Civil Rights MovementSegregation laws in Southern states in the US prevented black and white people from sitting together in movie theaters, eating in the same restaurants, drinking from the same water fountain, using the same washrooms or riding together on buses or trains. 黑人和白人的孩子不能上同一所学校，大多数黑人不被允许投票。  Black and white children could not go to the same schools, and most black people were not allowed to vote. 尽管根据美国宪法第14修正案，这些种族隔离法是非法的，但美国政府从不做宣布南方法律违宪，直到有案件被提交到联邦法院。  Although these segregation laws were illegal under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution , the US government would not declare the Southern laws unconstitutional until there were cases brought in federal courts. 民权运动始于黑人自发地抗议种族隔离法律，并成立组织使抗议活动取得成功。  The Civil Rights Movement began when black people spontaneously protested segregation laws and created organizations to make the protests successful. 早在北卡罗来纳州格林斯博罗的学生开始静坐之前，就有很多人抗议种族隔离法。  Long before the students in Greensboro, North Carolina began their sit-ins, there were many others who protested the segregation laws.一位名叫罗莎·帕克斯的妇女的自发行动被认为是民权运动的真正开端，比格林斯博罗学生“静坐”早了五年。  The spontaneous action of one woman, Rosa Parks, was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement," five years before the Greensboro students "sitin".1955年，工作了一整天的罗莎·帕克斯在阿拉巴马州的蒙哥马利登上了一辆公共汽车。  In 1955, Rosa Parks, tired from working all day, boarded a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama. 根据阿拉巴马州的法律，只有白人可以坐在公共汽车的前部。  According to Alabama law, only white people could sit in the front of the bus. 由于公共汽车的后面已经坐满了人，罗莎·帕克斯坐在了公共汽车中间的一个空座位上。  Since the back of the bus was full, Rosa Parks sat down in an empty seat in the middle of the bus. 当公交车司机叫她站起来给一个白人让座时，她拒绝了。  When the bus driver told her to get up and give her seat to a white man, she refused to do so. 罗莎·帕克斯厌倦了种族隔离法，因为它使黑人无法享有与白人同样的权利。  Rosa Parks was tired of segregation laws which kept black people from having the same rights as white people. 她因为没有给白人让座而被警察逮捕。  She was arrested by the police for not giving her seat to the white man. 在监狱里，她打电话给全国有色人种协进会(NAACP)主席，寻求帮助。  From jail, she called the president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and asked for help.全国有色人种协进会成员筹集了保释金，将帕克斯从监狱中保释出来。  NAACP members raised money for bail to release Ms Parks from jail. 他们还向其他组织通报了她的非暴力反抗行为  They also informed other organizations about her act of civil disobedience.2 阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利市的黑人自发地开始抵制公交系统，拒绝乘坐公共汽车。  Black people in Montgomery, Alabama spontaneously began to boycott the bus system, refusing to ride on public buses. 他们在周日的礼拜中向教会成员传播了抵制公共汽车的消息。  They spread the news of the bus boycott to church members at Sunday church services. 牧师和其他教会领袖组织汽车和司机接送黑人上班，组织团体一起步行，以保护黑人免受白人种族主义者的暴力侵害。  Ministers and other church leaders organized cars and drivers to take Negroes to work and organized groups to walk together for protection against violence from white racists.从罗莎·帕克斯自发的非暴力反抗行动，到黑人教堂、社区和政治组织的社会基础，越来越多的人支持反对种族隔离的抗议。  From Rosa Parks' spontaneous action of nonviolent civil disobedience, and from the social base of black churches, community and political organizations grew support for protest against segregation. 民权运动开始在整个南方蔓延。  The Civil Rights Movement began to spread all over the South. 结果，种族隔离在20世纪60年代被打破。  As a result, segregation was breaking down in the 1960s.组织格林斯博罗的静坐之所以成功，其中一个原因是黑人学生成立了一个新的组织——学生非暴力协调委员会  OrganizationsOne reason that the sit-ins in Greensboro were successful was that black students had formed a new organization, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

SNCC是民权运动中的第三个主要组织，其他两个是种族平等大会(CORE)和南方基督教领导会议(SCLC)。  SNCC was the third main organization in the Civil Rights Movement, the others being the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). 这三个团体为反对南方种族隔离提供了领导、非暴力策略、支持和人手。  These three groups provided the leadership, the nonviolent tactics, the network and the people to fight against Southern segregation.  CORE是由詹姆斯·法默(James Farmer)和其他一些人在20世纪40年代用非暴力直接行动来推动芝加哥餐馆种族融合的人创立的。  CORE was founded by James Farmer and others who used nonviolent direct action to integrate restaurants in Chicago in the 1940s. 1947年，黑人和白人的核心成员加入了非暴力的“自由之旅”，以整合南方的公共汽车和公交车站。  In 1947, CORE members, black and white, joined other groups in a nonviolent "freedom ride" to integrate buses and bus stations in the South. 自由乘车在20世纪60年代成为一种融合策略。  Freedom rides became an integration strategy in the 1960s. 由浸信会牧师马丁·路德·金领导的南方基督教领袖大会(SCLC)是最强大的领导者。这个区域性组织成立于1957年，旨在将南方黑人教堂与民权运动联系起来，由教会牧师们创立，他们是黑人社区的道德和文化领袖。  The strongest leadership came from the SCLC, headed by Baptist minister Martin Luther King, Jr This regional group, organized in 1957 to link Southern black churches in the work for civil rights, was begun by church ministers who were the moral and cultural leaders of black communities. 部长们在地区会议上定期会面，跨州合作。  Ministers, who met regularly in regional meetings, worked together across state lines. 由于教会成员每周聚会一次，参加教会组织会议和礼拜活动，牧师们很方便地向他们的成员传递信息和组织活动。  It was convenient for the ministers to pass information to their members and organize activities because church members met weekly for meetings of church organizations and for church services. SNCC是由一群想要结束一切形式的种族主义的学生建立的。  SNCC was founded by a group of students who wanted to end all forms of racial domination. SCLC执行主任埃拉·贝克帮助学生们组织活动。  Ella Baker, SCLC executive director, helped the students organize. 与南方基督教领袖大会不同，SNCC有一个集体领导，遵循“让人民决定”的原则。  SNCC, unlike SCLC, had a collective leadership which followed the principle, "Let the people decide." SNCC教导他们的成员在抗议南方各州的种族隔离法时要非暴力，即使他们遭到殴打和逮捕。  SNCC taught their members to be nonviolent when they protested segregation laws in Southern states, even when they were beaten and arrested. SNCC很快从一个“协调委员会”转变为在南方腹地组织直接行动。  SNCC moved quickly from being just a "coordinating committee" to organizing direct action in the Deep South. 在运动开始时，他们的成员基础是南方大量的黑人学生。  At the beginning of the movement, the base of their membership was the large number of black students in the South.直接行动策略民权活动家首先使用“静坐”战术来反对种族隔离，后来又使用“自由乘车”战术。  Direct Action TacticsCivil rights activists first used "sit-in" tactics to fight segregation and later, "freedom rides". 在南卡罗莱纳和阿拉巴马州，黑人和白人共同乘坐公共汽车挑战种族隔离法律的核心成员遭到白人暴徒的严重殴打。  Black and white CORE members traveling together on buses to challenge segregation laws were badly beaten by white mobs in South Carolina and Alabama. 当CORE决定结束自由乘车时，SNCC的人决定继续。  When CORE decided to end the freedom rides, SNCC workers decided to continue. SNCC自由乘车者乘坐公共汽车进入密西西比州，在那里他们遭到殴打和逮捕。  SNCC Freedom Riders rode buses into Mississippi, where they were beaten and arrested. 越来越多的学生加入了自由乘车运动，直到密西西比州的监狱装不下更多的囚犯。  An increasing number of students joined the freedom rides until the Mississippi jails had no more places for prisoners. 1961年9月，联邦政府  In September 1961, the federal

政府宣布在所有开往另一个州的州际公交车站中实行种族隔离是非法的。 government declared segregation illegal in all interstate bus stations which served buses traveling to another state.三个民权组织的下一个重要直接行动是选民登记。  The next important direct action of the three civil rights organizations was voter registration. 南方各州的选举法试图阻止黑人投票。  Voting laws in southern states tried to prevent Blacks from voting. 随着1962年和1963年反种族隔离和投票登记工作的继续，民权工作者在密西西比州、阿拉巴马州和佐治亚州遭到殴打、监禁和谋杀。  As anti-segregation and voting registration work continued in 1962 and 1963, civil rights workers were beaten, jailed and murdered in Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia.1963年夏天，成千上万的和平示威者来到华盛顿特区，马丁·路德·金在那里发表了著名的演讲“我有一个梦想”。  In the summer of 1963, hundreds of thousands of peaceful demonstrators went to Washington, D.C., where Martin Luther King Jr. gave the famous speech "I have a dream." 同年，白人在阿拉巴马州伯明翰市炸毁了一座黑人教堂，导致四名黑人女孩丧生。  That same year, four black girls were killed when whites bombed a black church in Birmingham, Alabama. 北方的白人学生开始前往南方与SNCC和其他民权组织合作。  Northern white students began to go to the South to work with SNCC and other civil rights groups. 当民权工作者在南方遭到殴打和谋杀时，肯尼迪总统在德克萨斯州被暗杀的消息震惊了全国。  While civil rights workers were beaten and murdered in the South, news of the assassination of President Kennedy in Texas shocked the country. 当被指控暗杀肯尼迪总统的人在电视镜头前被谋杀时，美国人更加震惊了。  Americans were further shocked when the man charged with President Kennedy's assassination was murdered in front of TV cameras.1964年，数百名志愿者从全国各地来到密西西比州，为黑人登记投票。  In 1964, hundreds of volunteers from all over the country came to Mississippi to register Blacks to vote. 针对民权工作者的暴力事件有所增加。  Violence against civil rights workers increased. 一名白人工作人员和两名黑人工作人员被谋杀。  One white and two black workers were murdered. 为了改善种族关系，1964年夏天，国会通过了《民权法案》，并由约翰逊总统签署成为法律。  To improve the race relations, the Civil Rights Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Johnson in the summer of 1964. 1964年12月，马丁·路德·金被授予诺贝尔和平奖。  In December 1964, Martin Luther King was given the Nobel Peace Prize.1965年1月，约翰逊总统开始了他的“向贫困宣战”。  ChangesIn January 1965, President Johnson began his "war on poverty"1. 随着种族暴力的持续，黑人开始质疑南方使用的非暴力策略，美国其他地区的黑人领袖发表讲话，支持黑人分离主义，反对以非暴力方式对抗歧视和种族主义。  As racial violence continued, black people began to question the nonviolent tactics used in the South, and black leaders in other parts of the country spoke in favor of black separatism and against nonviolence in fighting discrimination and racism. 一位强有力的黑人领袖是马尔科姆·艾克斯(Malcolm X)，他是一位在北部贫民区工作的黑人穆斯林领袖。  One strong black leader was Malcolm X, a black Moslem leader who worked in northern ghettos. 他认为黑人应该武装自己，与三k党和其他白人恐怖分子作斗争。  He believed that blacks should arm themselves and fight the Ku Klux Klan and other white terrorists. 尽管他和马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King Jr.)都致力于结束歧视，提高黑人的自我形象，但他们在实现目标的手段上存在分歧。  Although he and Martin Luther King Jr. both worked to end discrimination and raise the self-image of blacks, they disagreed about the means to achieve their goal. 1965年，马尔科姆·艾克斯在纽约被暗杀。  In 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated in New York.南方对黑人和白人民权工作者的谋杀有所增加。  Murders of black and white civil rights workers in the South increased. 人们继续在电视上看到白人对非暴力黑人的暴力。  People continue to see white violence against nonviolent blacks on TV. 那个夏天，黑色  That summer, black

在洛杉矶瓦茨区，黑人为回应白人的暴力而发生暴乱。 people rioted in the Watts section of Los Angeles in response to white violence.SNCC也在改变。  SNCC was also changing. 许多成员厌倦了挨打和看着自己的朋友挨打，开始认为非暴力的策略是错误的。  Many of the members, tired of being beaten and watching their friends beaten, began to think the tactic of nonviolence was wrong. 一些成员还认为，他们需要一个强有力的领导人，而不是集体领导。  Some members also thought they needed one strong leader rather than collective leadership. 他们选出了一位新主席，斯托克利·卡迈克尔，他认为黑人应该在没有白人帮助的情况下努力结束歧视。  They elected a new chairman, Stokeley Carmichael, who believed that black people should work to end discrimination without the help of white people. 他谈到了“黑人权力”，并鼓励SNCC的白人成员离开南方，到白人社区工作。  He spoke about "black power" and encouraged white members of SNCC to leave the South and work in white communities.1966年6月，第一位进入密西西比大学的黑人学生开始了一场“对抗恐惧的游行”，独自走过密西西比。  In June 1966, the first black student to enter the University of Mississippi began a "march against fear", walking all alone through Mississippi. 他中枪受了重伤。  He was shot and seriously injured. 民权领袖们决定在以下条件下继续游行:没有白人和他们一起游行;  The civil rights leaders decided to continue the march, under these conditions: no white people would march with them; 他们会得到执事福特正义捍卫组织的保护，这是一个成立于1964年的黑人武装组织;  they would be defended by the Deacons ford Defense of Justice, a black, armed organization founded in 1964; 他们会在游行的地方组织独立的黑人组织。  and they would organize independent black organizations in the places wherever they marched.不同意这些观点的领导人离开了运动。  The leaders who did not agree with these ideas left the movement. 当民权领袖们继续进行“对抗恐惧的游行”时，他们遭到了白人警察的恶毒攻击和逮捕。  As the civil rights leaders continued the "march against fear," they were viciously attacked by whited police and arrested. 当斯托克利·卡迈克尔被从监狱释放出来时，他对一大群人说:“这是我第二十七次被捕——我再也不想进监狱了!”  When Stokeley Carmichael was released from jail, he told a large crowd, "This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested-and I ain't going to jail no more!" 他说，从现在开始，黑人将高呼:“黑人权力!”  He said that from now on, the black people would be shouting, "Black Power!" 1966年，用于自卫的黑豹党在奥克兰成立。  In 1966, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was organized in Oakland. 他们的主要工作是执行民权法，告诉黑人他们的权利。  Their major work was to enforce civil rights laws, telling black people of their rights. 马丁·路德·金反对。  Martin Luther King Jr. disagreed. 虽然他理解为什么黑人想要黑人权力，但他认为这个想法会被媒体误解，最终会导致运动失败。  Although he understood why black people wanted black power, he thought the idea would be misunderstood by the media, and in the end would defeat the movement. 他说，黑人权力应该通过运动而不是口号来实现。  Black power, he said, should come through programs, not slogans.1968年又是一个暴力的年份。  1968 was another violent year. 今年4月，马丁·路德·金在田纳西州被暗杀。  In April, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Tennessee. 许多黑人认为是联邦调查局干的。  Many black people believed the FBI22 was responsible. 28个州的125个城市的黑人社区爆发了骚乱。  Rioting broke out in black communities in 125 cities in 28 states. 正在竞选总统的罗伯特·肯尼迪也被暗杀。  Robert Kennedy, who was running for president, was also assassinated.

青年运动/反战运动

1964年“自由之夏”期间，许多来自北方的白人学生在外貌、态度和信仰上都发生了巨大的变化。

The Youth Movement /Anti-War Movement

After working in the South during "Freedom Summer"24 1964, many white students from the North changed greatly, both in appearance and in their attitudes and beliefs. 9月，当他们回到大学校园时，他们继续穿着在南方穿的工作服和其他农民服装，也没有剪头发。  When they returned to their college campuses in September, they continued to wear the same overalls and other farmers' clothing they had worn in the South, and they did not cut their hair. 在看到他们的朋友被南方警察殴打和逮捕，并被南方法官判处长期监禁后，他们失去了对权威的尊重;  They had lost respect for authority after seeing their friends beaten and arrested by Southern policemen and sentenced to jail for long terms by Southern judges; 他们看到南方的市长和州长拒绝遵守联邦法律。  they had seen Southern mayors and governors refusing to obey federal laws. 他们就民权运动、非暴力和改变社会的必要性发表演讲，并努力争取对民权运动的支持。  They gave speeches about the Civil Rights Movement, nonviolence, and the need to change society, and worked to gain support for the Civil Rights Movement.1964年10月，一名CORE组织者坐在加州大学伯克利分校校园人行道上的一张小桌子旁，分发信息和筹集资金。  In October 1964, a CORE organizer sat at a small table on a sidewalk at the campus of the University of California at Berkeley, distributing information and collecting money. 校园警察局长和两位大学院长来到他的桌子前，告诉他，他的行为违反了学校的规定。  The chief of the campus police and two university deans came to his table informing him that what he was doing was against university policy. CORE的组织者拒绝就此罢手。  The CORE organizer refused to stop. 他说，大学当局不应该阻止CORE为南方的民权运动招募新人，根据美国宪法第一和第十四修正案，大学的规定是非法的。  He stated that university authorities should not keep CORE from recruiting new workers for the Civil Rights Movement in the South and that the university's rule was illegal under the 1st and 14th Amendments to the United States Constitution. 当警察局长逮捕他时，一大群学生聚集在一起，高喊:“逮捕我们所有人!”  When the police chief arrested him a large crowd of students gathered, shouting, "Arrest all of us!" 一辆警车来了，CORE的组织者被关进了车里。  A police car came and the CORE organizer was put inside. 这群学生自发地围住了警车，坐在地上，阻止了警车的移动。  The crowd of students spontaneously surrounded the car and sat down on the ground, preventing the police car from moving.马里奥·萨维奥(Mario Savio)是一名学生，刚从SNCC的密西西比自由之夏活动中回来，他脱下鞋子，站在警车顶上。  Mario Savio, a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car. 他要求释放CORE的人，并改变反对言论自由的规定。学生们在汽车周围静坐了32个小时，进行了自发的、非暴力的、直接的行动。  He demanded that the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changedThe students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action. 其他学生“静坐”在行政大楼，组织“自由大学”课程。  Other students "sat-in" at the administration buildings and organized "Free University" classes. 加州州长召集了数百名警察到校园。  The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus. 800名学生被捕。  800 students were arrested. 研究生们组织了一次罢课并关闭了大学。  Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university. 教师和教授们投票决定改变违反第14修正案的规定。  The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violated the 1stand 14th Amendments. 年轻人的“言论自由运动”开始时取得了成功。  The young people's "Free Speech Movement" began with success.

随着青年运动蔓延到校园之外，一些年轻人形成了“反主流文化”。 As the youth movement spread outside the campuses, some young people formed a "counterculture.他们拒绝资本主义和其他美国原则。 They rejected capitalism and other American principles. 他们的道德观与父母所教导的不同。  They had morals that were different from those taught by their parents. “嬉皮士”称自己为“爱的一代”。  The "Hippies" called themselves the "love generation." 幸福成了他们生活的唯一目标。  Happiness became their only goal in life. 他们的音乐与其他任何音乐都不同，他们唱的歌词对老年人来说听起来很叛逆。  Their music was different from any other music, and the words they sang sounded rebellious to older people. 一小群年轻人在旧金山等城市一起生活，把他们的生活变成了一个大派对。  Small groups of youth lived together in cities like San Francisco, turning their lives into one big party. 他们留着长发，穿着奇怪而多彩的衣服，其中许多人吸毒。  They wore long hair, strange and colorful clothes and many of them used drugs. 他们大批地去听摇滚音乐会。  They went in huge numbers to rock music concerts. 他们在电视上做了非常有趣的新闻。  And they made very interesting news on TV.大学生和一些高中生纷纷“辍学”。  College students, and some high-school students, were "dropping out" of school. 有些人成了嬉皮士，脱离了社会。  Some became Hippies and dropped out of society. 其他人则为了躲避参军离开了这个国家。  Others left the country to avoid the army.反战运动变得更加有组织，许多组织和领导人组成了一个松散的联盟，由一系列“结束越南战争动员委员会”组成。  The anti-war movement became more organized as a loose coalition of many organizations and leaders was formed under a series of "Mobilization Committees to End the War in Vietnam." 这些组织包括教会团体、SNCC、争取民主社会学生组织(SDS)和许多为抗议战争而成立的较小的团体。  The organizations included church groups, SNCC, the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and many smaller groups which were formed to protest the war. 他们的直接行动策略包括在大学校园里进行宣讲会，举行抗议游行和集会，攻击联邦办公室，销毁激进反战团体的征兵记录。  Their direct action strategies included teach-ins on college campuses, protest marches and rallies, and attacks on federal offices to destroy draft records by radical anti-war groups. 公众对反战运动的支持越来越强烈，尽管大多数美国人并不支持激进的暴力行为。  Public support for the anti-war movement grew stronger, although most people in the U.S. did not support radical acts of violence. 随着美国政府向越南派遣更多的军队和战争死亡人数的增加，公众对政府政策的不满情绪变得如此强烈，以至于约翰逊总统决定在1968年不再竞选连任。  As the US government sent more troops to Vietnam and the number of war deaths grew, public feeling against government policy grew so strong that President Johnson decided not to run for re-election in 1968.

妇女运动

20世纪60年代的妇女运动是从三群妇女和一次事故开始的。  

The Women's Movement

The women's movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident. 第一个群体是一群职业妇女，她们于1961年被肯尼迪总统任命为妇女地位委员会成员。  The first was a group of professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women by President Kennedy in 1961. 直到她们开始调查美国妇女的处境，大多数人才成为了女权主义者。  Most were not feminists until they began to investigate the situation for women in the United States. 他们发现，在美国，女性与男性并不平等，一些女性的处境令人震惊。  They found that women in the US were not equal with men, and that the situation of some women was shocking. 因此，她们建议在所有50个州设立委员会，在委员会工作的妇女人数很快增加到  So they recommended that Commissions be established in all 50 states, and the number of women working on Commissions soon grew to

超过了1000人。 over 1 000.第二个群体主要是白人家庭主妇和母亲，她们阅读了贝蒂·弗里丹(Betty Friedan) 在1963年出版的《女性的奥秘》一书(The Feminine Mystique)。  The second group was mostly white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963. 这本书改变了1万到2万名女性对自己和其他女性的看法。  The book changed the way large numbers of women — between 10 000 and 20 000—thought about themselves and other women.第三群人是民权和反战运动中的年轻积极分子。  The third group were young activists in the civil rights and anti-war movements. 她们认为这些运动的男性领导人在运动中歧视女性。  They believed the male leaders of these movements were discriminating against women in the movement. 她们被称为“妇女解放”组织，她们使用激进的策略，并遭受到了大量的负面宣传。  They became known as the "women's liberation" group, or "women's lib", used radical tactics and received a great deal of bad publicity. 这个组织得到了其他组织的大量年轻活动家的大力支持。  This group found strong support among large numbers of young activists from other organizations.事故是1964年通过的民权法案中的一个词。  The accident was a word in the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964. 该法律将基于种族或性别的就业歧视定为非法，将妇女纳入不受歧视的群体。  The law made discrimination in employment based on race or sex illegal, adding women to those groups not to be discriminated against.从这三个群体和几乎偶然的词中，妇女运动开始了。  From these three groups and the almost accidental word, began the women's movement. 当然，在此之前，妇女争取平等权利的历史悠久，正如美国黑人争取平等权利的历史悠久一样。  There was, of course, a long history of women working for equal rights before this, just as there had been a long history of Afro-American effort for equal rights. 1966年，前两个团体成立了全国妇女组织(NOW)。  In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed by the first two groups. 随着运动的壮大，许多激进、活跃的女权主义者也加入了进来。  Many radical, active feminists joined as the movement grew stronger. 许多激进分子都是年轻女性，有黑人也有白人，她们曾参与民权运动，对领导层歧视女性持批评态度。  Many of the radicals were young wornen, both black and white, who had worked in the civil rights movement and were critical of the leadership for discriminating against women. 她们说，女性是强有力的领导者和组织者，但男性只允许她们做饭和做秘书工作。  Women were strong leaders and organizers, they said, but the men only allowed them to cook and do secretarial work.妇女要争取的变化包括经济权利，例如不仅要求同工同酬，而且要求在科学技术、管理和政治等领域获得平等的工作机会。  The changes women worked for included changes in economic practices, such as not only asking equal pay for equal work, but also equal opportunity for jobs infields such as science and technology, management and politics. 妇女还要求改变社会习俗和态度，承认妇女在智力或能力方面并不亚于男性。  Women also wanted changes in social practices and attitudes which would acknowledge that women were not inferior to men in intelligence or ability.为了教育公众并获得对其目标的支持，妇女们使用了许多与民权运动和反战运动相同的策略，并添加了一些自己的策略。  To educate the public and gain support for their objectives, women used many of the same tactics used by the civil rights and anti-war movements and added some of their own tactics. 报纸和电视把参加这场运动的妇女描绘成拒绝女性化并憎恨男人的妇女  The newspapers and TV made the women in the movement seem to be men-hating women who did not want to be feminine.   20世纪70年代，女性努力改变这种形象。  Women worked hard in the 1970s to change this image.

由于民权运动，南方法律上的种族隔离结束了。 ConclusionLegal segregation ended in the South as a result of the civil rights movement.d南部的非洲裔美国人可以投票。   Southern Afro-Americans can vote. 然而，种族主义在美国仍然是一个极其严重的社会、政治和经济问题。  However, racism is still an extremely serious social, political and economic problem in the US. 尽管美国两次选举巴拉克•奥巴马(Barack Obama)为非裔美国人总统，这在上世纪60年代是没有人敢相信的事情，但在他的第二个任期结束时，社会出现了强烈的反弹。  Although the United States twice elected Barack Obama, an African-American president, something that no one dreamed possible in the 1960s, at the end of his second term a backlash developed. 这表现在警察对非洲裔美国人的暴力行为和使他们难以或不可能投票的歧视性投票行为上。  This is shown in police violence against African-Americans and discriminatory voting practices, which make it difficult or impossible for them to vote. 不仅在南方，还有几个州颁布了禁止非洲裔美国人投票的法律。  Several states, not only in the South, have enacted laws that keep African-Americans from voting. 在学校、州和联邦立法机构等机构中，存在着持续而微妙的歧视。  There is a continued, subtle discrimination in institutions such as schools and state and federal legislatures. 这体现在州和联邦立法机构、法官、学校领导、商业和公司管理中，这些都是白人男性主导的。  This is shown in state and federal legislatures, judgeships, the leadership in schools, and management in business and corporations, which are all dominated by white men. 然而，与奥巴马当选总统之前相比，在表演艺术、电影、报纸和杂志中出现的有色人种的人数要多得多。  There are, however, more people of color seen in the performing arts movies, newspapers and magazines in much larger numbers than before President Obama was elected.到1971年，超过60%的美国人认为越南战争是错误的，希望战争结束。  By 1971, more than 60% of people in the US thought the war in Vietnam was wrong and wanted the war to end. 1973年，美国签署了一项和平条约。  In 1973, the US signed a peace treaty.妇女运动继续为妇女争取更多的权利和机会。  The women's movement continued to gain more rights and opportunities for women. 事实上，妇女运动并不是在20世纪60年代开始的，而其实是在更早的19世纪开始的。  In fact the women's movement didn't begin in the 1960s, but much earlier in the 19th century. 那么20世纪60年代之前发生了什么，今天美国女性的地位又发生了什么变化呢?  So what happened before the 1960s and what is happening today in the women's status in America? 我们需要一个单独的单元来讨论这个宽泛的主题。  We need a separate unit for this broad subject.20世纪60年代的社会运动对人们的思维和行为方式产生了强烈的影响，并导致许多法律发生了变化。  The social movements of the 1960s had a strong effect on the way people think and act, and caused changes in many laws. 然而，他们希望解决的许多问题仍然是美国社会的主要问题。  However, many of the same problems they hoped to solve are still major problems in US society.