恋词考研英语真题5500词第八天Unit 03结束

environment [ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt] n. 环境；周围状况

形近词：environmental, environmentally, environmentalist

 

environmental [ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl] adj. 环境的；有关环境的

And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.

解析：anthropologist前面介绍过，人类学家。所以，and they aren’t likely to get any taller; 就是他们不可能长的更高。general population总人口，一般人口，普通人群；一般人群；    

翻译：并且他们不可能长的更高。“在今天的一般人群中，在这个基因，环境水平，我们已经尽可能的走得远了”，莱特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利说。

 

environmentally [ɪnˌvaɪrənˈment(ə)li] adv 有关环境地

Young people are very environmentally aware.

年轻人的环保意识很强。

 

environmentalist [ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəlɪst] n. 环境保护论者；环境论者

As an environmentalist, I am a fan of wasting less.

作为一个环保主义者，我崇尚减少浪费。

 

surroundings [səˈraʊndɪŋz] n. [复] 周边；周围环境

Schumacher adapted effortlessly to his new surroundings.

解析：effortlessly是副词修饰adapt。

翻译：舒马赫不费力地适应了他的新环境。 

 

atmosphere [ˈætməsfɪr] n. 大气层；氛围

pollution of the atmosphere大气污染

The hotel offers a friendly atmosphere and personal service.

这家宾馆提供了一个友好的氛围和个性化服务。

 

situation [ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn] n. 状况；形势 

You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.

你可能遇上一种情况，你必须要立即做决定的情况。

 

essay [ˈeseɪ] n. 论文；杂文；散文； 

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.

解析：virtually实质地，虚拟地，几乎地；virtually的牛津辞典释义如下：almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important。几乎或非常接近，以至于细微的差别并不重要。并且virtually的柯林斯辞典的释义如下：You can use virtually to indicate that something is so nearly true that for most purposes it can be regarded as true.你可以使用virtually来表示一些事物如此的接近真实，在大部分用途上它真的可以被当作真的。虚拟现实virtual reality。虚拟的东西，抓住了现实的本质，几乎可以当作真实的。所以，virtually有实质地，虚拟地，几乎地的意思。cricket 板球、蟋蟀；solely仅仅地，单独地，唯一地。

翻译：不幸地，这些评论几乎都被遗忘了。内维尔·卡达斯，一个从1917年到1975年去世前不久为《曼彻斯特卫报》写文的人，现在仅仅被知道是为板球比赛写文的人。

 

article [ˈɑːrtɪkl] n. 文章；论文

As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.

解析：feature作名词时，除了特征之外，还有（电视或报纸的）特写，专栏节目的意思。lucrative有利可图的，赚大钱的，获利多的。

翻译：就像一篇《自然》杂志新闻专题文章所讨论的，近些年来一系列为研究者设立的报酬丰厚的奖项已经加入了诺贝尔奖的行列。

 

matter [ˈmætər]

n. （有形的）物质；（某一类型的）物质；（印刷或阅读的）材料

v. 要紧；有关系；有影响

Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

解析：toil动词苦干，辛苦工作；testify证实；test-taking skill考试技巧。

翻译：任何为SAT奋战过的人都会证实考试技巧同样很重要，是否它需要猜测或者直接跳过的问题。

注：现在的公务员考试，基本都是做不完的，很多题需要跳过，还有一些题需要猜。

 

as a matter of fact: 其实，实际上；

As a matter of fact, I’ve brought it along with me.

事实上，我一直把它带在身边。

 

substance [ˈsʌbstəns] n. 物质；实质；重要性；

banned substance禁用品

 

stuff [stʌf] n. 材料；本质；要素

This wine is good stuff. 这酒是好东西。

 

material [məˈtɪriəl] n. 物质；材料；原料

a piece of material一块材料

 

fund [fʌnd]

v. 拨款，为...提供资金

n. 专款；基金；资金

形近词：fundamental, fundamentally, non-fundamentalist, underfund

Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.

解析：这句话前面介绍account的时候介绍过。

翻译：很多奖项，像是基础物理学奖，由那些银行账户像电话号码一样长的互联网企业家资助。

 

fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentl] adj. 基础的；根本的

There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view.

两个观点有根本性的不同。

 

fundamentally [ˌfʌndəˈmentəli] adv. 从根本上地；基础地

“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted”, says one headhunter.

解析：headhunter猎头。

翻译：“传统的规则是呆在你所在的位置更安全，但是那已经被从根本上地改变了”，一个猎头说。

 

non-fundamentalist  n. 非原教旨主义者

Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.

解析：religious宗教的；

翻译：几乎所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义者将“科学”创世论看作坏的科学和坏的宗教。

 

underfund [ˌʌndə'fʌnd] v. 对...资金提供不足

 

hold [hoʊld]  

v. 保持；拿着；握住；保有；拥有；拖住；支持

n. 握住；掌握；货舱，行李舱

形近词：household, holder, withhold, shareholder, shareholding, stockholder, stakeholder

But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.

解析：Rolex watch劳力士表；Ferrari automobile法拉利汽车；hold one’s nose捏着鼻子，表示不屑；ethic除了伦理之外，还有行为准则和道德准则的意思。

翻译： 但是它这么做是在它不屑于他的行为道德准则的时候，包括收礼像是从一个寻求打通政府的公司劳力士手表和法拉利汽车。

 

household [ˈhaʊshoʊld]

n. 家庭；同住在一所房子里的人；一家人

adj. 家庭的；家用的；家喻户晓的，众人皆知的

Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.

解析：barely几乎没有;仅仅;几乎不;刚刚;刚好;不超过(某个数量、年龄、时间等);刚才;勉强可能

翻译：阿尔瓦雷斯的薪水勉强支付了她的家庭开支。

 

In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s _____.

[A] easy availability

[B] flexibility in pricing

[C] successful promotion

[D] popularity with households

解析：PTK亲子鉴定工具包

翻译：在第一段和第二段中，文本显示亲子鉴定工具包_____.

[A] 很容易获取

[B] 价格弹性

[C] 推销成功

[D] 在家庭中很受欢迎

 

holder [ˈhoʊldər] n. 支持物；持有者；（支票等）持有人

The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.

解析：circuit前面在别的例子中讲过，除了电路，还有巡回的意思。

翻译：联邦巡回法院的动作是在察觉到最高法院近期缩小对专利持有者的保护范围的一系列决定后开始的。

 

withhold [wɪðˈhoʊld] v. 扣留；拒绝给予

She was accused of withholding information from the police.

她被指控对警方知情不报。

 

shareholder [ˈʃerhoʊldər] n. 股东

As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.

解析：boards董事会，scrutinize仔细审查，

翻译：当董事会认真审查系列计划来回应股东压力，那些没有得到点头的经理们也许同样希望能够继续下去。

 

shareholding [ˈʃerhoʊldɪŋ] n. 股权

Study on the effect of shareholding transfer in Listed Company.

对上市公司的股权转让研究

 

stockholder [ˈstɑːkhoʊldər] n. 股票持有者；股东  

Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.

解析：campaign运动；hostage人质；抵押品；allegation指控，说法；activist积极分子，激进分子。

翻译：这类被劫持的媒体是赚钱媒体的反面：一份资产或运动成了消费者，其它的股东或对产品或品牌做出负面说法的激进分子的人质。

注：这大概是说明媒体会利用影响来影响大众，也会被影响力绑架。

上面是我自己的翻译，书上给的参考译文如下：

这种劫持媒体与赢得媒体正好相反：某项资产或宣传活动会成为对某个品牌或产品发表负面评论的消费者、其它利益相关者或激进份子的“人质”。

 

hold back: 退缩；阻止；抑制；

The administration had several reasons for holding back.

政府因为一些理由而停滞不前。

 

hold on: 等一等；停一停；坚持；<口>别挂电话

Hold on, what happened?等等，发生了什么？

推荐Adele专辑《30》中的歌曲《hold on》。

 

cling [klɪŋ] v. 紧紧抓住；抱紧；抓住（职位或财产）不放

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _____ .

[A] top performers used to cling to their posts

[B] loyalty of top performers is getting outdated

[C] top performers care more about reputations

[D] it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules

翻译：从最后一段可以推断______。

[A] 高级职员过去往往坚守他们的职位

[B] 高级职员的忠诚已经过时

[C] 高级职员对名誉更加看重

[D] 遵守传统规则更加安全

 

withstand [wɪðˈstænd] v. 经受住；承受；顶住

Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain inflicted by oversize limbs.

解析：bipedal两足的，limb枝干，臂，腿；inflict遭受打击，吃苦头；

翻译：然而，尽管人类已经直立几百万年，我们的脚和后背继续与两足的姿势作斗争并且不能轻易地承受住过长的四肢所带来的反复的压力。

 

seize [siːz] v. 抓住；控制

He sized her by her arm. 他抓住了她的胳膊。

 

function [ˈfʌŋkʃn]

v. 充当；工作；起作用

n. 功能；作用；职责；职务

形近词：functional

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.

解析：visionary有远见卓识的人；labour to 不辞辛劳的；fabulous难以置信的，极好的；

翻译：20世纪后半叶见证了一系列的天才，战士，企业家和有远见卓识的人不辞辛劳的创造一种极好的机器，操作为打印机和印刷机，演播室和剧院，画笔和画廊，钢琴和收音机，邮件和邮递员。

 

functional [ˈfʌŋkʃənl] adj. 功能性的；在工作的；在起作用的；运转正常的

The office is large and functional rather than welcoming.

这间办公室大并且功能齐全但是不欢迎人。

 

work [wɜːrk] v. 使工作；使运作 

I can’t work if I’m cold.   我冷就干不了活。 

 

employ [ɪmˈplɔɪ] v. 使用；利用；雇用

How many people does this company employ?

这家公司雇佣多少人？

 

evidence [ˈevɪdəns] n. 根据；证据；行迹，迹象 

形近词：evident

Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

翻译：尽管有充足的证据证明教师质量是最重要的变量，教师工会还是反对开除差的，推进好的。

 

evident [ˈevɪdənt] adj. 明显的；明白的 

The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.

解析：之前介绍account的时候，说了out of account是不考虑的意思。

翻译：培训的必要太明显了；完成态度和习惯上的改变的压力是如此

的急促，让这些结果完全不在考虑中。 

 

proof [pruːf] n. 证明

conclusive proof 确凿的证据

 

confirmation [ˌkɑːnfərˈmeɪʃn] n. 确认；证实

Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.

解析：duplication（不必要的）重复；accompany伴随；little表示否定的很少，几乎没有的意思。

翻译： 重复和确认已经被知道和相信的东西是几乎没有收获的。

 

practice [ˈpræktɪs]

v. 实践；练习；训练

n. 实践；练习；训练；惯常做法，惯例；习俗

But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.

翻译：但是在频繁的科学发现的每日练习中，遵循着一条模糊又复杂的道路。

 

in practice: 在实践中；实际上；事实上

In practice, workers do not work to satisfy their needs.

 

perform [pərˈfɔːrm] v. 做；执行；履行；演出，表演     

To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.

解析：to be sure诚然；固然；无可否认；

翻译：无可否认，他演出令人印象深刻的有趣乐章，但是我没必要去艾弗里·费舍大厅或其它任意地方，来听有趣的交响音乐。

 

note [noʊt]  

v. 注意；记下；摘下

n. 笔记；记录；按语；注释；便条；短笺；含义；钞票，纸币

形近词：denote, noteworthy

On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

解析：mental精神的，这里指脑子里的。discourse论文，演讲，语篇。

翻译：假设他们会在后面产生某种关联，你做一个语篇实体和它们之间联系的脑海中的笔记。

 

denote [dɪˈnoʊt] v. 表示；代表

The red triangle denotes danger.

红色三角形代表危险。

 

noteworthy [ˈnoʊtwɜːrði] adj. 值得注意的；显著的；重要的 

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk.

解析：be to do 要做某事；tournament锦标赛；quirk奇事，怪事。

翻译：如果你要测试2006世界杯锦标赛每一位足球运动员的身份证明，你极有可能发现一个值得注意的奇事。

 

take/make notes: 做笔记

Did you take notes in the class?

你在课堂上做笔记了吗？