【十翻】【渣自翻】Physiological adaptation to prolonged starvation对长期饥饿的生
黑色字体为原文献
红色字体为机翻 或者读起来比较通顺의 或者是比较好理解의
蓝色字体为人肉翻，或者机翻过于那啥的，或者不好理解的 或者是校正，注释。。
Deranged Physiology Required Reading Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition
精神错乱的生理学必读《内分泌学、代谢与营养》
Physiological adaptation to prolonged starvation
对长期饥饿的生理适应
This is a summary of the physiological responses to the total or near-total absence of nutrition.
这是对完全或接近完全缺乏营养的生理反应的总结。
The metabolic response to starvation is characterised by a switch from carbohydrate metabolism to fat cmetabolism, in the context of a hypometabolic state, with minimised catabolism.
在低代谢状态下，对饥饿的代谢反应的特征是从碳水化合物代谢转变为脂肪代谢，分解代谢最小化。
说人话：对于饿了데代谢反应的特征是一个转变，就是说 你饿了，你的代谢特征会有一个转变，这个转变系虾米呢，是从碳水分解→脂肪分解，当然 这个有一个大背景，就是说是在低代谢低分解의情况下（这不废话嘛，人类低分解低代谢肯定要么是虚弱要么饿极了呗。。）
Initially, stores of carbohydrate precursors (eg. glycogen) are depleted.
最初，碳水化合物前体（如糖原）的储存被耗尽。
Then, in the first 24-48 hours there is increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids and glycerol.
然后，在最初的24-48小时内，氨基酸和甘油的糖异生增加。
Subsequently, ketogenesis takes over, and much of the body metabolic needs are met by ketone bodies and free fatty acids.
随后，酮体生成占据了主导地位，酮体和游离脂肪酸满足了大部分身体代谢需求。
This is the consequence of decreasing insulin levels, and relatively increased influence from catecholamines and cortisol.
这是胰岛素水平下降以及儿茶酚胺和皮质醇影响相对增加的结果。
说人话，上述转变，就是因为3个要素，1胰岛素降了 2儿茶酚胺增了3皮质醇增了
Over prolonged starvation, protein catabolism begins, resulting in degradation of structurally important proteins, and organ system dysfunction.
长期饥饿后，蛋白质分解代谢开始，导致结构重要的蛋白质降解，器官系统功能障碍。
这句话机翻有问题，实际上会导致의系，重要的蛋白会产生结构上의讲解
The physiological adaptation to starvation has been asked about in Question 27 from the second paper of 2013. Specifically, the college wanted to know about the metabolic changes of starvation and the stress response.
Composition and quantity of nutrients stored in the human body
George F Cahill is the guru of food deprivation physiology. His 1970 article "Starvation in Man" remains a masterpiece of scientific writing. Therein one may find a table entitled "Fuel Composition Of Normal Man" which I have uselessly interpreted into another weird cylinder diagram.
Whatever the value of that may be.
2013年第二篇论文的问题27中提出了对饥饿的生理适应。具体来说，学院想了解饥饿的代谢变化和压力反应。
人体内储存的营养成分和数量
乔治·F·卡希尔是食物匮乏生理学的大师。他1970年的文章《人的饥饿》仍然是科学写作的杰作。在那里可以找到一张题为“普通人的燃料成分”的表格，我把它无用地解释成了另一张奇怪的气缸图。
不管它的价值是什么。
这一大堆没啥干货，就不人肉矫正了。。
Anyway, each of us has about 20-25g of circulating fuel (of which the majority is glucose), worth about 113 calories. If we take this Homo vulgaris to be a 20 year old specimen measuring 70kg and 170cm, we can calculate that at their basal metabolic rate of 1800kcal/day they go through one blood volume worth of calories every 90 minutes.
无论如何，我们每个人都有大约20-25克的循环燃料（其中大部分是葡萄糖），价值大约113卡路里。如果我们把这个普通人作为一个20岁的标本，测量70公斤和170厘米，我们可以计算出，在他们1800kcal/天的基础代谢率下，他们每90分钟消耗一个血液体积的热量。
一个血液体积是什么鬼？然而貌似只能这么翻译야。。
The total metabolic fuel stores in a normal human body
正常人体内储存的总代谢燃料
Thus, the circulating nutrient volume is constantly being consumed and replenished.
因此，循环营养物质的体积不断被消耗和补充。
Then, we have a rapidly available glycogen storehouse, of which two thirds resides in the muscle. There is a total 900kcal of this stuff, and it is also constantly being consumed and replenished. It is replenished after meals (when insulin drives glucose into cells and promotes glyconeogenesis) and it is consumed between meals (when glucagon activated glycogenolysis, releasing glucose out of cells).
然后，我们有了一个快速可用的糖原库，其中三分之二存在于肌肉中。这种物质总共有900千卡，而且还在不断地消耗和补充。它在餐后补充（当胰岛素将葡萄糖驱动到细胞中并促进糖原生成时），并在餐间消耗（当胰高血糖素激活糖原分解，将葡萄糖释放出细胞时）。
糖原有两种，肝糖原and肌糖原，肌糖原多一些大概占了三分之二。
胰岛素能够把血糖中의葡萄弄到细胞里，并且把它们变成肝糖原
胰高血糖素则是让肝糖原分解，让他们총细胞里跑到血糖
Glycogen is a poor means of storing energy. It is a starch-like branching molecule, has a low calorie density, only about 4 kcal per gram. Cahill reminds us that this density is actually measured in dried glycogen - in reality, 2g of water is stored together with each 1g of glycogen (in order to maintain intracellular isotonicity) and this dilutes its energy density even further.
糖原是储存能量的不良手段。它是一种淀粉样支化分子，热量密度低，每克仅约4千卡。Cahill提醒我们，这种密度实际上是用干糖原来测量的——事实上，每1g糖原储存2g水（以保持细胞内的等渗性），这会进一步稀释其能量密度。
就是说 糖原储能其实也就那么回事而已，木有脂肪储能牛叉。糖原里面有结合水（我猜的应该是结合水바。。） 这结合水是为了维持细胞渗透压平衡，然后因为里面有水，所以糖原实际把水去掉后，储能就更不咋样了
Fat, on the other hand, is stored in blobs which are essentially free of water. It is a much more efficient energy storage system. And the vast majority of the fat in the body is available as a metabolic fuel, if push comes to shove. Those blobs are cushioning, they serve a purely cosmetic role and if you need to burn them to survive, so be it- they will not be missed. Not only that, but fat has a far higher energy density - something like 9.4 kcal per gram.
另一方面，脂肪储存在基本上不含水的团块中。这是一个效率高得多的储能系统。如果情况紧急，体内绝大多数脂肪都可以作为代谢燃料。这些斑点是缓冲的，它们纯粹起到美容的作用，如果你需要烧掉它们来生存，那就顺其自然吧——它们不会被错过。不仅如此，脂肪的能量密度也高得多——大约每克9.4千卡。
这些斑点系缓冲의特喵的神马鬼。。应该就是说脂肪是用来缓冲的物质，如果你要美容那就烧掉他们
Protein does not come in a fuel storage form. It is structurally important; all of your protein has some function, and to burn it as fuel would be a gesture of desperation. An organism which is consuming its own protein is truly struggling. That said, if your organism is struggling it has some 6kg or so of protein to get through before it dies.
蛋白质不是以燃料储存的形式出现的，它在结构上很重要；你所有的蛋白质都有一些功能，把它当作燃料燃烧是一种绝望的姿态。一个正在消耗自身蛋白质的有机体真的在挣扎。也就是说，如果你的生物体正在挣扎，它在死亡前有大约6公斤左右的蛋白质需要通过。
换言之 当糖原 脂肪都烧完了，那么离gg，还有6kg蛋白可以烧。
Metabolic adaptation to a brief period of fasting
The main change from the normal pattern is the refusal of the myocardium and skeletal muscle to use glucose. Instead, they switch over exclusively to free fatty acid and ketone metabolism.
短暂禁食的代谢适应
与正常模式相比，主要的变化是心肌和骨骼肌拒绝使用葡萄糖。相反，它们完全转向游离脂肪酸和酮的代谢。
The glycogen reserves in humans never get completely depleted. There is at all times a hepatic reserve, waiting to mobilise and rescue the organism from some sort of horrible situation.
人类体内的糖原储备从未完全耗尽。在任何时候都有一个肝脏储备，等待着将生物体从某种可怕的情况下动员起来并拯救出来。
The diagram below is again a paraphrase of Cahill; the mass of nutrients given in it is the amount consumed in a 24 hour period.
下图再次是对卡希尔的转述；其中所含营养物质的质量是24小时内所消耗的量。
macronutrient metabolic changes during starvation
饥饿过程中大量营养物质代谢的变化
Furthermore, the Cori cycle plays a more important role. 36g of the daily glucose is converted into lactate, which shuttles back to the liver.
此外，科里循环发挥着更重要的作用。每天36克的葡萄糖被转化为乳酸，乳酸被送回肝脏。
介个循环我我没听过。。而且。。变回乳酸意义何在？
The liver uses free fatty acids to power the process of gluconeogenesis.
肝脏利用游离脂肪酸为糖异生过程提供动力。
介个好理解 糖异生分为脂肪 and 氨基酸两种
Thus, any lactate converted back to glucose is really free fatty acid energy converted to glucose. In essence, all these Cori-cycling anaerobic glycolysis tissues are running on free fatty acid energy, and glucose and lactate merely act as vessels which contain that energy.
因此，任何转化回葡萄糖的乳酸盐实际上都是转化为葡萄糖的游离脂肪酸能量。本质上，所有这些科里循环厌氧糖酵解组织都是依靠游离脂肪酸能量运行的，而葡萄糖和乳酸只是作为含有这种能量的血管。
这局话半懂不懂，血管翻译成容器更好吧。。
未完待续
