关于日本排放核污染水

以下片段均出自国际原子能机构发布的《关于福岛核电站先进液体处理系统处理水安全审查的综合报告》，如有异意，请前往国际原子能机构官网。

日本排放核污染水是否符合国际安全标准？

Director General’s Foreword总干事前言

Based on its comprehensive assessment, the IAEA has concluded that the approach and activities to the discharge of ALPS treated water taken by Japan are consistent with relevant international safety standards.

Furthermore, the IAEA notes the controlled, gradual discharges of the treated water to the sea, as currently planned and assessed by TEPCO, would have a negligible radiological impact on people and the environment.

这里对日本排放核污染水的影响进行了说明，请注意此处的用词，“negligible ”微不足道。

关于国际原子能机构的国际安全标准

有人或许认为国际原子能机构的标准存在问题，在1.3. The IAEA international safety standards 1.3. 原子能机构的国际安全标准中对于这一点有详细论述。

The IAEA’s Safety Standards consist of three sets of publications: the Safety Fundamentals, the Safety Requirements and the Safety Guides. …………The IAEA Safety Fundamentals are jointly sponsored by the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/NEA), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO). .…………GSR Part 3: Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards is jointly sponsored by European Commission, FAO, IAEA, ILO, OECD/NEA, PAHO, UNEP and the WHO.

可以看到，国际原子能机构的安全准则是被国际广泛接受并遵守的，其中自然也包括中国。

Executive Summary执行内容摘要

The Task Force includes experts from the IAEA Secretariat alongside internationally recognized independent experts with extensive experience from a wide range of technical specialties from Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, France, the Marshall Islands, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and Viet Nam.

此处提到“原子能机构总干事成立了 一个特别工作组。工作组在原子能机构的领导下开展工作，由原子能机构的一名高级官员担任主席。原子能机构的一名高级官员担任主席。特别工作组的成员包括原子能机构秘书处的专家以及国际公认的独立专家，这些专家来自以下国家的广泛技术专业，具有丰富的经验”注意，在这里的以下国家中，出现了“China”。

On May 2023, the IAEA published a report detailing the results of the first interlaboratory comparison conducted for the determination of radionuclides in samples of ALPS treated water. These findings provide confidence in TEPCO’s capability for undertaking accurate and precise measurements related to the discharge of ALPS treated water. Furthermore, based on the observations of the IAEA, TEPCO has demonstrated that it has a sustainable and robust analytical system in place to support the ongoing technical needs at FDNPS during the discharge of ALPS treated water.

这里对东京电力公司对于核污染水的处理能力进行了说明，其中提到通过实验已经证明东京电力公司拥有一个可持续的、稳健的分析系统，能够在ALPS（多核素处理系统）处理水排放期间支持国防核动力源的持续技术需求。

日方的措施

关于排放核污染水还有人说日方一直有不作为的态度，但真的是这样吗？

Finally, due to the degraded conditions of the reactor buildings, rainwater is able to enter the building and mix with the fuel debris as well.

The contaminated water, which is highly radioactive, is collected by TEPCO and stored on site in special tanks to prevent it from reaching the environment in its current state (see Figure 1.2). 

However, as the contaminated water is highly radioactive, the storage of large quantities on site has led to higher doses for workers on site and difficulties for TEPCO in reaching the site boundary dose target of 1 mSv per year. These challenges led TEPCO to develop the Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS) which is used to remove most of the radioactive contamination from the water and thus reduce the dose to workers from this stored water. Additionally, TEPCO has been working to reduce the amount of contaminated water produced each day. Various water management techniques have been deployed, and implemented, including the installation of additional treatment systems and storage tanks, a sub-drain system, and the installation of seaside impermeable walls (see Figure 1.1). 

Additionally, uncontaminated groundwater from uphill of the damaged facilities is being routed around the facilities and into the ocean. In addition, a cryogenic ‘frozen’ wall around the reactor buildings and on the seaside was constructed to prevent further water ingress. All of these measures have helped to reduce the production of contaminated water from approximately 540 m3per day to 90 m3 per day.

“此外，东京电力公司一直在努力减少每天生产的受污染水量。每天生产的受污染水量。已经部署并实施了各种污水管理技术、 包括安装额外的处理系统和储水罐、地下排水系统以及在海边安装防渗墙。（见图 1.1）。此外，来自受损设施上坡的未受污染地下水正在绕过设施流入海洋。还在反应堆建筑周围和海边建造了低温 "冻结 "墙，以防止更多的水渗入。。所有这些措施都有助于将受污染水的产量从约 540 立方米减少到每天 90 立方米[2]。”

Furthermore, the IAEA notes the following:

1. TEPCO has presented information on the radiological characterization of the treated water at various stages of the discharge process.

2. TEPCO has developed design criteria for the discharge facilities, that takes into account redundant and diverse safety features to detect and prevent events that could lead to the unintended release of ALPS treated water to the environment. 

3. TEPCO has carried out a safety assessment for the discharge of ALPS treated water to the sea, in accordance with the requirements established by NRA. 

4. TEPCO has carried out a radiological environmental impact assessment.

5. TEPCO is part of the Comprehensive Radiation Monitoring Programme [7] for the environmental monitoring associated with the discharge of ALPS treated water.

The Task Force noted that the Basic Policy on Handling of ALPS Treated Water at the Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings’ Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station notes that “…[the] discharge of ALPS treated water into the sea will be implemented at FDNPS, on the premise to make best efforts to minimize the risks by taking measures such as purification and dilution based on the ALARA principle, under strict control.” ALARA which stands for “as low as reasonably achievable” refers to the concept of making every reasonable effort to keep exposures to ionizing radiation as low as practicable considering relevant societal, economic, and other considerations. The relevant international safety standards require the establishment of dose constraints as part of the process for optimization of protection for any planned exposure situation. 

从以上可以发现，东京电力公司及日方并非毫无作为，而是对核污染水进行了必要的处理。

日方是否一直坚守安全准则？

首先是特别工作组，他们对于日方行动的考察到底是怎么样的？

However, the Task Force has also acknowledged that the discharge of ALPS treated water is occurring within the larger FDNPS and therefore falls under broader leadership and management structures at TEPCO and at NRA.TEPCO’s organizational structure indicates that the ALPS Treated Water Program Department is responsible for the development implementation of relevant oversight, planning, and technical aspects of the ALPS treated water discharge facilities. There are other supporting technical Departments in several fields such as construction, maintenance, engineering, installations, training and monitoring laboratories.

特别工作组承认排放将在更大范围内展开，因此属于更广泛的领导和管理范围，但同时也强调水排放设施的相关监督、规划和技术方面的开发与实施仍然在ALPS管辖之内。

The NRA established dose limits for public exposure to be applied by TEPCO which are consistent with what is included in the international safety standards and recommended by ICRP. These dose limits apply to the sum of the relevant doses from external exposure in a year and the relevant committed doses from intakes in a year; the period for calculating the committed dose for adults shall normally be 50 years from intake and shall be up to 69 years for intakes by infants (i.e., up to age 70). …………Based on the above, TEPCO assessed the potential exposures of members of the public in its REIA, assuming two accident scenarios: one where about 10,000 m3 of undiluted treated water leaks from 1 tank group into the sea accidentally over 20 days, and one where about 30,000 m3 of undiluted treated water is accidentally discharged over one day from 3 tank groups.The dose calculated for the adult representative person is in the range of 0.0002 (2E-04) mSv to 0.01(1E02) mSv for the 2 accident scenarios considered. In both scenarios, TEPCO conservatively assessed all exposure pathways, and confirmed that the exposure of the representative person living near the power plant would be well below 5 mSv per event, which is the established in the international safety standards in the event of an accident.

”日方采用的公众暴露剂量限值与国际安全标准中的剂量限值一致，且评估了公众可能受到的辐射，结果为“确认居住在发电厂附近的人的暴露量将远远低于每次5mSv，这是国际安全标准规定的事故情况下的暴露量。”

In order to ensure the proper protection of future generation, the Task Force decided to corroborate that the dose commitment, rather than the dose incurred, is the fundamental quantity for determining compliance with the international safety standards. The fundamental quantity for assessing doses shall be the dose due to external exposure in a year plus the committed dose from intakes of radionuclides in that year. This means that the total annual dose calculated is that received over a lifetime (assumed to be until the age of 70) from intakes of radionuclides due to the ALPS treated water that is discharged to the sea in an assigned year.It should be noted that the total amount of tritium, 14C and 129I to be released each year in the discharge of ALPS treated water will be well below the amount of these radionuclides produced by natural processes each year, such as interaction of cosmic rays with gases in the upper atmosphere. Production of 3H, 14C and 129I by natural processes There are three main sources of natural tritium on earth: production in the atmosphere by cosmic rays; production in the atmosphere by energetic particles originated from solar coronal mass ejections; and direct accretion from the sun. Tritium produced by natural processes on earth is rapidly converted into HTO, which then enters the global hydrological cycle. The annual production of tritium due to natural processes is estimated to be around 280 grams, with annual production varying between 220 to 330 grams due to the variation in the intensity of cosmic due to the solar cycle variations.The average value of 280 grams in a year corresponds to the activity in the order of 100 PBq (100,000 TBq) in a year. The global inventory of tritium is estimated to be about 2,000 PBq (2,000,000 TBq). The limit on the amount of tritium in the treated water to be released each year is 22 TBq. This is about 5,000 times lower than the annual production on the planet due to natural processes, and much less than the variation from year to year in the annual production.The tritium natural background level in the Pacific Ocean is in the range of 0.1-1 Bq/L. The ocean dispersion modelling conducted by TEPCO indicates that concentrations of tritium above natural background concentrations will be limited to within 3 km of the discharge point at FDNPS. The concentration is much lower than the natural background level at the boundary of the model simulation range (490 km x 270 km), the maximum value being 0.00026 Bq/L, which is three to four orders of magnitude lower than the natural background level.The main source of natural 14C on earth is the production in the atmosphere by cosmic rays by the nuclear reaction: 14N(n, p)14C. The global inventory due to natural processes of 14C is estimated to be around 1 PBq (1,000 TBq). The amount of 14C in the ALPS treated water to be released each year is about 2 GBq (0.002 TBq), which is about 500,000 times lower than the global inventory due to natural processes. Iodine-129 is produced by the following natural processes: reactions of cosmic rays with xenon in the upper atmosphere; spontaneous fission of 238U; thermal neutron induced fission of 235U; and neutron activation reactions 128Te(n,γ)129I and 130Te(n,2n)129I. . It is estimated that the global inventory of 129I due to natural processes in the hydrosphere (primarily oceans) is about 1 TBq. The amount of 129I to be released in the treated water each year is 30-300 MBq. This is about 3,000-30,000 times lower than the steady state inventory of naturally occurring 129I in all of the oceans.

特别工作组经过计算得出，“ALPS 处理过的水中每年释放的 14C 量约为 2 GBq（0.002 TBq），比自然过程造成的全球存量低约 500,000 倍。”

有人说，核污染水一排放，海鲜都不能吃了，是事实如此吗？

In addition, in the assessment of dose rates to plants and animals, external exposure is calculated from radionuclides seabed sediments, as well as those suspended in the seawater, to take account of fish that live on the seabed (reference flatfish). The exposure results are for Flatfish 0.0000007 (0.7 E-06) mGy per day, for Crab 0.0000007 (0.7E-06) mGy per day and for Brown seaweed of 0.0000008 (0.8 E-06) mGy per day. These values are well below the Derived Consideration Reference Level (DCRL) provided as an example in the international safety standards and established by ICRP. 

While the Task Force is aware that the behaviour of radioactive substances in the environment is complex, it holds the view that the requirements of the international standards on environmental protection have been respected and that radiation exposure to the biota attributable to the discharge will not be expected to be a noteworthy consideration in meeting these objectives. 

“此外，在评估动植物的剂量率时，还根据海底沉积物中的放射性核素以及海水中的悬浮放射性核素计算外部照射量，以考虑到生活在海底的鱼类（参照比目鱼）。鲽鱼的辐照结果为每天 0.0000007 (0.7 E-06) mGy，螃蟹的辐照结果为每天 0.0000007 (0.7 E-06) mGy，褐鱼的辐照结果为每天 0.0000007 (0.7 E-06) mGy。每天 0.0000007 (0.7E-06) mGy，蟹每天 0.0000007 (0.7E-06) mGy，褐藻每天 0.0000008 (0.8E-06) mGy。这些数值远远低于国际辐射防护委员会制定的国际安全标准中举例说明的 "推导参考水平"（Derived Consideration Reference Level, DCRL）。”

保护自然是应该的，也是必要的，是我们全人类的责任。可在这一过程中是否应该对事实进行基本的考察呢？我认为是需要的。希望大家在互联网上，不要只凭借一腔热血，谢谢。