【文献速递】【Nature】【2022年】【6月】
声明：本专栏主要对生命科学领域的一些期刊文章标题进行翻译，所有内容均由本人手工整理翻译。由于本人专业为生物分析相关，其他领域如果出现翻译错误请谅解。
未装箱的谷物
With six sets of chromosomes, the hexaploid cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) has a complex evolutionary history. In this week’s issue, Nick Sirijovski and his colleagues present a high-quality reference genome for A. sativa alongside those for its close relatives the diploid Avena longiglumis and the tetraploid Avena insularis. By examining the three genomes, the researchers were able to trace genomic reorganizations in the crop’s evolution. They were also able to map the genes for important agronomic traits, highlighting gene families linked to human health and nutrition. With health and sustainability high on global agendas, the team hopes this new resource will bolster genomics-assisted breeding and trait studies to address these challenges and more.
具有六组染色体的六倍体栽培燕麦（Avena sativa L.）具有复杂的进化历史。在本周的期刊中，Nick Sirijovski和他的同事展示了A. sativa的高质量参考基因组及其近亲Avena longiglumis和四倍体 Avena insularis的参考基因组。通过检查这三个基因组，研究人员能够追踪作物进化过程中的基因组重组。他们还能够绘制重要农艺性状的基因图，突出显示与人类健康和营养相关的基因家族。随着健康和可持续发展成为全球议程的重中之重，该团队希望这一新资源能够加强基因组学辅助育种和性状研究，以应对这些挑战以及更多挑战。
The Casarabe people lived in southwest Amazonia around AD 500–1400, but understanding of this culture has been limited because the archaeological remains are covered in dense forest. In this week’s issue, Heiko Prümers and his colleagues reveal the discovery of new Casarabe settlements in the Bolivian Amazon. The researchers used lidar to scan the forest, revealing 2 large settlements (each covering more than 100 hectares) and 24 smaller sites, 15 of which had previously been known to exist. The cover image shows Cotoca, one of the two large settlements, in which earthen mounds (one more than 20 metres high) and long causeways can clearly be seen. The team suggests that these results are the first evidence of agrarian-based, low-density urbanism in western Amazonia. They conclude that the region was not as sparsely populated in pre-Hispanic times as was previously thought.
卡萨拉贝人生活在公元500年至1400年左右的亚马逊流域西南部，但由于考古遗迹被茂密的森林所覆盖，人们对这种文化的了解一直很有限。在本周的期刊中，Heiko Prümers和他的同事揭示了在玻利维亚亚马逊流域发现新的卡萨拉贝人定居点。研究人员使用激光雷达扫描森林，发现了2个大型定居点（每个定居点占地超过100 公顷）和24个较小的地点，其中 15个以前已知存在。封面图片展示了两个大型聚居地之一的科托卡，其中可以清楚地看到土丘（高20多米）和长长的堤道。该团队表示，这些结果是亚马逊西部以农业为基础的低密度城市化的第一个证据。他们得出结论，该地区在前西班牙时期并不像以前想象的那样人口稀少。
高处的生活
The cover image shows plants growing at altitude on Altar Volcano in Chimborazo, Ecuador. Extreme altitudes pose challenges for most forms of life, and flowering plants are no exception. But flowering plants have been found growing as high as 6,400 metres above sea level. In this week’s issue, Michael Holdsworth and his colleagues reveal a molecular mechanism that helps plants to adapt to the extremes of altitude. The researchers studied a range of plants, representing four diverse clades of flowering plants — thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), tomato, poppy and the grass Brachypodium distachyon. They found that plants use genetic adaptations to adjust their sensitivity to atmospheric oxygen, whose partial pressure decreases with altitude. By decoding the ambient oxygen level, the plants are able to sense the altitude at which they grow and optimize internal biochemical processes.
封面图片展示了在厄瓜多尔钦博拉索的阿尔塔火山高海拔地区生长的植物。极端海拔对大多数生命形式构成挑战，开花植物也不例外。但已发现开花植物生长在海拔6,400米的高处。在本周的期刊中，Michael Holdsworth和他的同事揭示了一种帮助植物适应极端海拔高度的分子机制。研究人员研究了一系列植物，代表开花植物的四种不同进化枝——拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）、番茄、罂粟和短柄草（Brachypodium distachyon）。他们发现植物利用遗传适应来调整它们对大气中氧气的敏感性，大气中氧气的分压会随着高度的增加而降低。通过解码环境氧气水平，植物能够感知它们生长的海拔高度并优化内部生化过程。
不平等的科学
To study inequality is to confront a world of contrasts: excessive wealth next to palpable poverty; sickness abutting health. The COVID pandemic has exposed and worsened many such disparities. This week, Nature presents a special collection of articles focusing on the researchers trying to quantify and reduce inequality. Whether they are measuring the effects of the pandemic or testing interventions to lift people out of poverty, the message is simple: gathering the right information will help to mitigate the harm caused by inequality.
研究不平等就是要面对一个对比鲜明的世界：过度的财富与明显的贫困；疾病和健康。COVID大流行暴露并加剧了许多此类差异。本周，《自然》杂志推出了一系列特别的文章，重点关注试图量化和减少不平等的研究人员。无论他们是在衡量大流行病的影响，还是在测试帮助人们摆脱贫困的干预措施，信息都很简单：收集正确的信息将有助于减轻不平等造成的伤害。
拨乱反正
The cover shows an artistic representation of various cancer cells. The large-scale gains, losses and rearrangements of DNA seen in chromosomal instability are a typical feature of cancer — but there is no comprehensive framework to decode the causes of this genomic variability and their possible links to disease. In this week’s issue, Florian Markowetz, Geoff Macintyre and their colleagues present such a framework with a compendium of 17 signatures of chromosomal instability that can be used to predict how tumours might respond to drugs and that help to identify future therapeutic targets. The team created the compendium by examining 7,880 tumours representing 33 types of cancer. In a separate paper, Nischalan Pillay and colleagues examined 9,873 cancers to generate 21 similar signatures of chromosomal instability.
封面展示了各种癌细胞的艺术表现。在染色体不稳定性中看到的DNA的大规模增加、丢失和重排是癌症的典型特征——但没有全面的框架来解码这种基因组变异的原因及其与疾病的可能联系。在本周的期刊中，Florian Markowetz、Geoff Macintyre 和他们的同事提出了这样一个框架，其中包含17种染色体不稳定性特征的概要，可用于预测肿瘤对药物的反应，并有助于确定未来的治疗靶点。该团队通过检查代表33种癌症的7,880个肿瘤创建了该纲要。在另一篇论文中，Nischalan Pillay及其同事检查了9,873种癌症，以产生21种相似的染色体不稳定性特征。
1.Loops simplify a set-up to boost quantum computational advantage.
循环简化设置以提高量子计算优势。
2.Nerve regrowth can be painful.
神经再生可能很痛苦。
3.The 6G frequency switch that spares scientific services.
节省科学服务的6G频率开关。
4.Clues to the identity of the fossil fish Palaeospondylus.
符合化石鱼古生物的身份的线索。
5.From the archive: international efforts to curb pollution, and the perils of broadcasting.
从档案中：国际遏制污染的努力以及广播的危险。
6.Multilayer 2D insulator shows promise for post-silicon electronics.
多层2D绝缘子显示出对后硅电子电子产品的希望。
7.An immune molecule segregates memories in time.
免疫分子会在时间上分离记忆。
8.The road to fully programmable protein catalysis.
完全可编程的蛋白质催化道路。
9.Strongly correlated electron–photon systems.
密切相关的电子-光子系统。
10.Resolving the H I in damped Lyman α systems that power star formation.
在阻尼的Lymanα系统中解析H I，以驱动星形形成。
11.Probing CP symmetry and weak phases with entangled double-strange baryons.
用纠缠的双重震撼重子探测CP对称性和弱相。
12.Magneto-optical trapping and sub-Doppler cooling of a polyatomic molecule.
多原子分子的磁光捕获和子多普勒冷却。
13.Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor.
具有可编程光子处理器的量子计算优势。
14.Non-Hermitian chiral phononics through optomechanically induced squeezing.
通过光机械诱导挤压的非厄米手性声子学。
15.Epitaxial single-crystal hexagonal boron nitride multilayers on Ni (111).
Ni（111）上的外延单晶六角硼氮化硼。
16.A tissue-like neurotransmitter sensor for the brain and gut.
大脑和肠道的组织样神经递质传感器。
17.[18F]Difluorocarbene for positron emission tomography.
[18F]二氟卡宾用于正电子发射断层扫描。
18.Morphology of Palaeospondylus shows affinity to tetrapod ancestors.
古质体的形态显示与四足动物祖先的亲和力。
19.The mosaic oat genome gives insights into a uniquely healthy cereal crop.
花叶燕麦基因组可深入了解独特的健康谷物作物。
20.Single-cell eQTL models reveal dynamic T cell state dependence of disease loci.
单细胞eQTL模型揭示了疾病基因座的动态T细胞状态依赖性。
21.People construct simplified mental representations to plan.
人们构建了简化的心理表征来计划。
22.Neuropathic pain caused by miswiring and abnormal end organ targeting.
神经性疼痛由错误和异常末端器官靶向引起。
23.CCR5 closes the temporal window for memory linking.
CCR5关闭时间窗口以进行内存链接。
24.Gene regulation by gonadal hormone receptors underlies brain sex differences.
性腺激素受体调控基因是脑性别差异的基础。
25.Distinct gene clusters drive formation of ferrosome organelles in bacteria.
不同的基因簇驱动细菌中铁染色体细胞器的形成。
26.Developmental dynamics of two bipotent thymic epithelial progenitor types.
两种二聚体胸腺上皮祖细胞类型的发育动力学。
27.Fundamental immune–oncogenicity trade-offs define driver mutation fitness.
基本的免疫-结合性权衡定义驱动突变适应性。
28.Mitochondrial uncouplers induce proton leak by activating AAC and UCP1.
线粒体解耦合器通过激活AAC和UCP1诱导质子泄漏。
29.Gibbin mesodermal regulation patterns epithelial development.
Gibbin中胚层调节模式上皮发育。
30.MCM complexes are barriers that restrict cohesin-mediated loop extrusion.
MCM复合物是限制粘蛋白介导的环挤出的障碍。
31.Fast and efficient DNA replication with purified human proteins.
纯化的人蛋白质快速有效地复制DNA。
32.How wingless salamanders fly.
无翅的龟蛙如何飞行。
33.Nanoscale map shows how interfaces impede vibrations.
纳米级图显示了界面如何阻碍振动。
34.Large-scale early urban settlements in Amazonia.
亚马逊地区的大规模早期城市定居点。
35.Blood’s life history traced through genomic scars.
通过基因组疤痕追溯血液的生命历史。
36.A chromosome predisposed for sex.
易感性的染色体。
37.Diverse data tighten constraints for neutron stars.
各种数据拧紧了中子星的约束。
38.X-ray astronomy comes of age.
X射线天文学成熟。
39.Binarity of a protostar affects the evolution of the disk and planets.
原恒星的二进制会影响磁盘和行星的演变。
40.Constraining neutron-star matter with microscopic and macroscopic collisions.
与微观和宏观碰撞约束中子星体。
41.Observation of ultracold atomic bubbles in orbital microgravity.
在轨道微重力中观察到超冷原子气泡。
42.Observation of Cooper pairs in a mesoscopic two-dimensional Fermi gas.
观察介质二维费米气体中的库珀对。
43.Nanoscale imaging of phonon dynamics by electron microscopy.
通过电子显微镜对声子动力学的纳米级成像。
44.Electrically tunable quantum confinement of neutral excitons.
中性激子的电可调量子限制。
45.Origin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathode.
富含锂层的氧化物阴极中结构降解的起源。
46.Ni-electrocatalytic Csp3–Csp3 doubly decarboxylative coupling.
Ni电催化Csp3–Csp3双脱羧耦合。
47.Instantaneous tracking of earthquake growth with elastogravity signals.
用弹性重力信号瞬时跟踪地震的产生。
48.Lidar reveals pre-Hispanic low-density urbanism in the Bolivian Amazon.
激光雷达揭示了玻利维亚亚马逊的西班牙裔前低密度城市主义。
49.Island-specific evolution of a sex-primed autosome in a sexual planarian.
在的双性体中性启动常染色体的岛屿特异性进化。
50.The longitudinal dynamics and natural history of clonal haematopoiesis.
克隆造血的纵向动力学和自然历史。
51.Clonal dynamics of haematopoiesis across the human lifespan.
人类寿命中造血的克隆动力学。
52.Revival of light signalling in the postmortem mouse and human retina.
验尸小鼠和人视网膜中光信号传导的复兴。
53.ABO genotype alters the gut microbiota by regulating GalNAc levels in pigs.
ABO基因型通过调节猪的GalNAc水平来改变肠道菌群。
54.Prolonged viral suppression with anti-HIV-1 antibody therapy.
抗HIV-1抗体疗法长期抑制病毒。
55.Combination anti-HIV antibodies provide sustained virological suppression.
组合抗HIV抗体可提供持续的病毒学抑制。
56.Defining mitochondrial protein functions through deep multiomic profiling.
通过深度多组学分析来定义线粒体蛋白的功能。
57.Neoantigen quality predicts immunoediting in survivors of pancreatic cancer.
新抗原质量可以预测胰腺癌幸存者的免疫编辑。
58.Stromal changes in the aged lung induce an emergence from melanoma dormancy.
老年肺的基质变化引起了黑色素瘤休眠的出现。
59.Differential cofactor dependencies define distinct types of human enhancers.
差异辅因子依赖性定义了人类增强剂的不同类型。
60.Discovery of non-squalene triterpenes.
非角鲨烯三萜的发现。
61.Limitations of gamete sequencing for crossover analysis.
配子测序的局限性用于交叉分析。
62.25 years of valuing ecosystems in decision-making.
在决策中评估生态系统的25年。
63.Tiny isotopic difference tests standard model of particle physics.
微小的同位素差异测试标准粒子物理模型。
64.The first complete human genome.
第一个完整的人类基因组。
65.Molecular soccer balls connected to make a 2D material.
分子足球连接到制作2D材料。
66.Give physicians’ views to improve COVID vaccine uptake.
给医生的观点以改善COVID疫苗的摄入量。
67.Potato genomes pave the way to crop improvement.
马铃薯基因组为作物改善铺平了道路。
68.A population of ultraviolet-dim protoclusters detected in absorption.
在吸收中检测到的紫外暗原星团。
69.Measurement of the bound-electron g-factor difference in coupled ions.
耦合离子中边界电子g因子差的测量。
70.Realizing the symmetry-protected Haldane phase in Fermi–Hubbard ladders.
意识到在费米-荷兰阶梯中的对称性保护的霍尔丹阶段。
71.Superconducting-qubit readout via low-backaction electro-optic transduction.
通过低反作用电光转换的超导量读数。
72.Evidence for unconventional superconductivity in twisted trilayer graphene.
扭曲的三层石墨烯中非常规超导性的证据。
73.An on-chip photonic deep neural network for image classification.
用于图像分类的芯片上光子深神经网络。
74.Synthesis of a monolayer fullerene network.
单层富勒烯网络的合成。
75.A solid-state electrolysis process for upcycling aluminium scrap.
用于升级铝废料的固态电解过程。
76.Topography of mountain belts controlled by rheology and surface processes.
由流变学和表面过程控制的山带地形。
77.Fossil biomolecules reveal an avian metabolism in the ancestral dinosaur.
化石生物分子揭示了祖先恐龙中的禽类代谢。
78.Graph pangenome captures missing heritability and empowers tomato breeding.
图形泛基因组捕获了缺少的遗传力并赋予番茄育种的能力。
79.Genome evolution and diversity of wild and cultivated potatoes.
野生和栽培土豆的基因组进化和多样性。
80.Communicating doctors’ consensus persistently increases COVID-19 vaccinations.
传达医生的共识持续增加了COVID-19的疫苗接种。
81.Olfactory sensory experience regulates gliomagenesis via neuronal IGF1.
嗅觉感觉经验通过神经元IGF1调节神经胶质作用。
82.Divergent transcriptional regulation of astrocyte reactivity across disorders.
跨疾病的星形胶质细胞反应性的发散转录调节。
83.An oxygen-sensing mechanism for angiosperm adaptation to altitude.
氧气感应机制，用于适应高度。
84.Generation of specialized blood vessels via lymphatic transdifferentiation.
通过淋巴转分化生成专门的血管。
85.FcγR-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of monocytes activates inflammation.
FcγR介导的单核细胞感染SARS-CoV-2感染会激活炎症。
86.Inflammasome activation in infected macrophages drives COVID-19 pathology.
感染巨噬细胞中的炎性体激活驱动COVID-19病理学。
87.ADAR1 masks the cancer immunotherapeutic promise of ZBP1-driven necroptosis.
ADAR1掩盖了ZBP1驱动坏死的癌症免疫治疗诺言。
88.Mechanism of mitoribosomal small subunit biogenesis and preinitiation.
形状体小亚基生物发生和预启动的机制。
89.Exercise molecule burns away hunger.
运动分子烧掉饥饿。
90.Collisions hint that four neutrons form a transient isolated entity.
碰撞暗示四个中子形成了瞬态孤立实体。
91.Mutations matter even if proteins stay the same.
即使蛋白质保持不变，突变也很重要。
92.From the archive: respect for reptiles, and an astronomical centenary.
来自档案：尊重爬行动物和天文百年纪念。
93.60 years of chemistry of the noble gases.
贵重气体化学60年。
94.Crystalline order offers access to high speeds for organic transistors.
结晶秩序为有机晶体管提供了高速访问。
95.Two-dimensional materials prospects for non-volatile spintronic memories.
非易失性自旋电子存储器的二维材料前景。
96.Solar flare accelerates nearly all electrons in a large coronal volume.
太阳耀斑在巨大的冠状体积中几乎加速了所有电子。
97.Observation of a correlated free four-neutron system.
观察相关的自由四间隙系统。
98.Continuous Bose–Einstein condensation.
连续的Bose–Einstein凝结。
99.Many-body theory of positron binding to polyatomic molecules.
正电子与多原子分子结合的多体理论。
100.Engineering topological states in atom-based semiconductor quantum dots.
工程化基于原子的半导体量子点中的拓扑状态。
101.Organic bipolar transistors.
有机双极晶体管。
102.Asymmetric pore windows in MOF membranes for natural gas valorization.
MOF膜中的不对称孔窗，用于天然气增值。
103.Hadean isotopic fractionation of xenon retained in deep silicates.
氙的Hadean同位素分馏保留在深硅酸盐中。
104.The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia.
14世纪中部欧亚大陆的黑人死亡的根源。
105.Synonymous mutations in representative yeast genes are mostly strongly non-neutral.
代表性酵母基因中的同义突变大多是非中性的。
106.Spatiotemporal dynamics of noradrenaline during learned behaviour.
在学习行为期间去甲肾上腺素的时空动力学。
107.Molecularly defined circuits for cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary control.
用于心血管和心肺控制的分子定义电路。
108.Lifelong multilineage contribution by embryonic-born blood progenitors.
胚胎出生的血祖细胞的终身多节奏贡献。
109.Discovery of bioactive microbial gene products in inflammatory bowel disease.
在炎症性肠病中发现生物活性微生物基因产物。
110.The role of NSP6 in the biogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 replication organelle.
NSP6在SARS-CoV-2复制细胞器的生物发生中的作用。
111.Pregnancy enables antibody protection against intracellular infection.
妊娠可抗细胞内感染的抗体保护。
112.Targeting SLC7A11 improves efferocytosis by dendritic cells and wound healing in diabetes.
靶向SLC7A11可改善树突状细胞和糖尿病中伤口愈合的胞吐作用。
113.An exercise-inducible metabolite that suppresses feeding and obesity.
一种可抑制喂养和肥胖症的运动诱导代谢产物。
114.Androgen receptor activity in T cells limits checkpoint blockade efficacy.
T细胞中的雄激素受体活性限制了检查点阻断功效。
115.Androgen receptor blockade promotes response to BRAF/MEK-targeted therapy.
雄激素受体阻滞促进对BRAF/MEK靶向治疗的反应。
116.Mitochondrial base editor induces substantial nuclear off-target mutations.
线粒体基础编辑器诱导大量的核脱靶突变。
117.Cohesin-mediated loop anchors confine the locations of human replication origins.
粘蛋白介导的环锚限制了人类复制起源的位置。
118.Structural basis of GABA reuptake inhibition.
GABA再摄取抑制的结构基础。
119.Landfalling hurricane track modes and decay.
登陆飓风轨道模式和衰减。
120.Reply to: Landfalling hurricane track modes and decay.
回复：登陆飓风轨道模式和衰减。
121.Layered material soaks up molecules to form an electron sieve.
分层材料吸收分子形成电子筛。
122.Bacterial envelope built to a peptidoglycan tune.
细菌包膜建立在肽聚糖曲调上。
123.Designer protein circuits enable safe cancer immunotherapy.
蛋白电路设计师可实现安全的癌症免疫疗法。
124.Synthesis reveals unexpected biological targets of a traditional medicine.
合成揭示了传统医学的意外生物学靶标。
125.Mutation and tissue lineage lead to organ-specific cancer.
突变和组织谱系导致器官特异性癌症。
126.A repeating fast radio burst associated with a persistent radio source.
与持续无线电源相关的重复快速无线电爆发。
127.Direct measurement of the 3He+ magnetic moments.
直接测量3He+磁矩。
128.Fault-tolerant operation of a logical qubit in a diamond quantum processor.
钻石量子处理器中逻辑量子的耐断层操作。
129.Ordered and tunable Majorana-zero-mode lattice in naturally strained LiFeAs.
在天然紧致的LiFeAs生命周中有序可调的Majorana-Zero-Mode晶格。
130.Axial Higgs mode detected by quantum pathway interference in RTe3.
通过RTE3中的量子途径干扰检测到的轴向希格斯模式。
131.Chiral molecular intercalation superlattices.
手性分子插入式晶格。
132.Hypocrystalline ceramic aerogels for thermal insulation at extreme conditions.
在极端条件下用于热绝缘的低晶陶瓷气凝胶。
133.Synthesis and target annotation of the alkaloid GB18.
生物碱GB18的合成和目标注释。
134.Intermittent lab earthquakes in dynamically weakening fault gouge.
间歇性实验室地震动态削弱断层岩石。
135.Breakage of cytoplasmic chromosomes by pathological DNA base excision repair.
通过病理DNA碱基切除修复的细胞质染色体破裂。
136.A preoptic neuronal population controls fever and appetite during sickness.
上型神经元种群控制疾病期间的发烧和食欲。
137.Clonally expanded CD8 T cells characterize amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-4.
克隆扩展的CD8 T细胞表征了肌萎缩性侧硬化症-4。
138.Peptidoglycan maturation controls outer membrane protein assembly.
肽聚糖的成熟控制外膜外蛋白组件。
139.Caspase-7 activates ASM to repair gasdermin and perforin pores.
Caspase-7激活ASM以修复脂多糖多肽和穿孔。
140.ATGL is a biosynthetic enzyme for fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids.
ATGL是一种用于羟基脂肪酸脂肪酸酯的生物合成酶。
141.A pan-cancer compendium of chromosomal instability.
染色体不稳定性的泛癌组合。
142.Signatures of copy number alterations in human cancer.
人类癌症拷贝数改变的签名。
143.A vaccine targeting resistant tumours by dual T cell plus NK cell attack.
通过双T细胞和NK细胞攻击靶向抗性肿瘤的疫苗。
144.The renal lineage factor PAX8 controls oncogenic signalling in kidney cancer.
肾脏谱系因子PAX8控制肾癌中的致癌信号传导。
145.Mechanism of replication origin melting nucleated by CMG helicase assembly.
CMG解旋酶组装复制起点熔融成核机理。
146.Structural basis of sodium-dependent bile salt uptake into the liver.
依赖钠的胆汁盐吸收肝脏的结构基础。
147.Structure of the bile acid transporter and HBV receptor NTCP.
胆汁酸转运蛋白和HBV受体NTCP的结构。
148.Structural insights into the HBV receptor and bile acid transporter NTCP.
对HBV受体和胆汁酸转运蛋白NTCP的结构见解。
