团体迷思 / Groupthink

「释义」
团体在决策中很容易误入歧途，这种现象称为“团体迷思”。 美国心理学家欧文·詹尼斯通过实验发现，封闭的团体讨论会产生简单化和模式化思想。具体到一个团队在做决策过程中，由于成员倾向使自己的观点与团体一致，会使决策参与者不能进行客观分析，结果造成团体决策缺乏智慧。

「应用场景」
团体在决策中很容易误入歧途，美国心理学家欧文·詹尼斯把这种现象称为“团体迷思”。团体犯错有两大原因：一是与信息信号有关。人们具有互相学习的本能，团体的错误往往源于一些成员接收了他人的错误信号。二是与声誉压力有关：不想挨罚或避免与他人意见相左，也使得人们噤声或人云亦云。尤其是在他人独具权威或大权在握时，与他们意见相左会带来严重后果。
“Groupthink” is the term most often applied to the tendency of groups to go astray. Popularized in the early 1970s by the psychologist Irving Janis, it has deservedly entered the popular lexicon.
 
Groups err for two main reasons. The first involves informational signals. Naturally enough, people learn from one another; the problem is that groups often go wrong when some members receive incorrect signals from other members. The second involves reputational pressures, which lead people to silence themselves or change their views in order to avoid some penalty—often, merely the disapproval of others. But if those others have special authority or wield power, their disapproval can produce serious personal consequences.

《破解“团体迷思”》
 凯斯·桑斯坦、雷德·海斯蒂
2014年12月刊
“Making Dumb Groups Smarter”
by Cass R. Sunstein and Reid Hastie