刘晓艳讲语法长难句

一、什么是英语的句子
- 必须具备【主】【谓】结构
- 主语必须是谓语的发出者(主语必须明确)
- 若有宾语,宾语必须是谓语的承受者
二、英语句子分类
1、主谓:
he died; we laugh(ed)
2、主谓宾:(谓:有实际意义的动词)
3、主系表:(系:系动词)
系动词:be动词, 感官动词(look, smell, taste, sound, feel), 变化(become, get), 保持(keep, stay, remain)
4、主谓双宾:(双宾:两个宾语没关系)
I bought him a dog.
5、主谓宾宾补(宾补:两宾之间有关系)
It makes him happy.
【验证:】在两宾间加be动词,可成立即为宾补。he is a dog(×);he is happy(√)
三、句子的成分(词性的问题)
1、谓语
(1)谓语的成分:有时态的【实义动词】或【系动词】充当谓语
She love me(×),She loves me(√)
(2)动词的数量:只能是1个
①谓语只能是动词
②动词只能是谓语
③一句话中不充当谓语的动词全部都要变成非谓语动词(v+ing表主动,v+ed表被动,to+v表目的)
beat you is my fault(×);
beating(动名词) you is my fault(√)
He beating my shoulder, saying nothing, departed.他拍了拍我的肩膀,一句话都没说就离开了
④多个谓语保留最重要的那一个,分不清哪个最重要留最后一个,故出现【独立主格】/【分词作状语】
我爱你,你爱我:I loving you, you love me即:(“主语”不同)
我是个老师,我喜欢唱歌:Being a teacher, I enjoy singing.(“主语”相同)
(3)动词能不能少?
当一句话需要动词而没有动词的时候,只能加be动词,且无实际意义
I against(prep.) you → I am against you.
I angry(adj.) with sb→I am angry with sb.
2、主语
(1)主语的成分
(2)主语的类型:it,there,人称代词
- It:作为主语的条件:必须与天气、温度、时间有关系
- there:句子翻译必须存在“有”的翻译
there remain/exist/seem
eg:There remain an ocean of elements being responsible for my respective.
eg:If there seems persistence, glories cannot fail to be attained.
如果有(有→there)毅力就一定会成功(无主语→被动)
- 人称代词:做主语都可以做被动
eg:Authorities should be proposed to adopt action.
eg: pollution is claimed strikingly、exceedingly grave by an increasing amount of individuals.
3、宾语:和主语的成分一定一致
4、表语:名词,形容词,代词,非谓语动词,从句,介词短语
四、简单句的考点分析
1、写作(小作文)——不错就行
(1)不会写的单词全部换掉
(2)不会写的长难句换成简单句
2、阅读
(1)一个句子先找动词
(2)一句话中多个动词,只要主句的动词
[辨别:]主句的动词前没引导词
一、什么是并列句:
用连词连接的两个句子
I love you, you love that dog.
1、独立主格:I loving u,u love the dog.
2、连接词:I love you and u love the dog.
3、从句(前加引导词):Although I love u, you love the dog.(状语从句)
二、常见的连词
1、平行关系:and, not only...but also..., as well as(只能连接单词)
同样地:equally, likewise, similarly, at the same time(同时), in the meanwhile (同时)
2、转折关系:but, yet, while, whereas.
然而:however, nevertheless, conversely, unexpectedly, on the contrary, by contrast.
3、选择关系:or
alternatively
4、递进关系:then
此外,而且:besides,furthermore, moreover ; in addition, subsequently
5、因果关系:for, so,
thus, therefore, as a consequence, as a result, consequently
三、并列句的考点分析
1、写作
只要上下句之间有【逻辑关系】,就一定有【逻辑关系词】(连词、介词、介词短语、副词)
eg:There exist a train of companies coming from the distance so I become more than(非常地) delighted.
so→as a consequence
eg:There exist a train of companies coming from the distance, and as a consequence, I become more than delighted.
- 连词和其他关系词的区别:连词的前面要么逗号,要么没有标点符号;而其他逻辑关系词的前面,要么用句号,要么加连词and.
2、完型:不会有长难句,只考察最基本单词
3、省略——如何查找省略的内容
- 一句话只要有省略,一定是省略连词后而不是连词前,所以连词后有的成分,连词前通常有。——如果连词后只有1个成分,连词前肯定能找到对应成分;连词后多个成分则未必。
- 分析长难句步骤:谓语→连词(但两单词间的不算)→定语→状语
一、名词
1、成分:
(1)主语
(2)宾语:I appreciate the actress
(3)表语
(4)同位语:I enjoy the part, the end.
· 作文中任何一个名词的后面都可以再加 “, n.” 作为它的同位语出现
eg:My boyfriend, a junior from the apartment of PE(体育专业的大三学生), looks handsome.
一件坏事/坏行为——“全球普遍现象”
一件好事/好行为——“中华民族的传统美德”
eg:Over fishing, a universal phenomenon throughout the world, has become increasingly grave under modern condition.
2、名词性从句
从句:引导词+句子
名词性从句:名词在句子能充当的成分,从句都能充当,即名词性从句。
eg:I appreciate what she did.
eg:She keeps who I admire
(1)主语从句
(2)宾语从句
(3)表语从句
(4)同位语从句
3、名词性从句的引导词
名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的句子类型分类,一共把引导词分为3类
(1)that:从句是陈述句,并且that在从句中不充当任何成分,也没有意思
eg:That she has got divorced is conspicuous
(2)whether:当从句是一般疑问句时不充当任何成分,但翻译为“是否”
eg:Whether she got divorced remains a mystery.
(3)特殊疑问词(when,where...):当从句是特殊疑问句时
eg:When she got divorced remains a mystery.
eg:The point seems when wealth will be available for you.关键是你什么时候有钱
- 英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式,也就是引导词+主语+谓语的形式
4、名词性从句的考点分析
(1)完形填空:
(2)写作:【同位语从句】和【主语从句】是满分句型,可以写在任何句子之前以拉长句子。
eg:It keeps common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.(即把主语从句放到句末,加it来做形式主语)
eg同:The news has been spread the whole village that her husband passed away.(同位语可以放在句末,但自己在作文不要写)
eg同:The outlook that individuals from henan province tends to be deceivers remains wrong.
eg:Wearing my own shoes is(=proves) not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.
穿自己的鞋,不仅方便,而且不用考虑别人的感受。
(3)长难句分析
能够快速识别各个名词性从句,并且把他们通顺的翻译出来
①主语从句:当引导词放在句首的,并且从句后没有被逗号隔开,就一定是主语从句。
- 主语从句从句首开始,到主句的谓语动词结束。
- 主语从句从it开始,到句末结束(避免头重脚轻)
eg主:
eg状:
②宾语从句:实意动词的后面有引导词,就暂定为宾语从句;但实意动词后可有状语从句,也可有宾语动词
- 只有宾语从句的that可以省略,但正式文体中不可以有省略
eg宾:She said that she would marry a rich man
③表语从句:系动词后有引导词,一定是表语从句
④同位语从句:n后有引导词,98%是定语从句,2%是同位语从句(几乎不可能是)。
一、什么是定语: ...的n.
二、定语的成分:
1、形容词
eg:The naive nightingale lost his life.
2、名词
eg: The singing(歌声) of the nightingale enables the rose to bloom.
3、介词短语
eg: The nightingale out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.
4、非谓语
eg:The singing nightingale died pitifully.
5、从句
三、位置
前小后大
【特殊1】形容词修饰不定代词时,放在不定代词后
eg:Do you have something special
【特殊2】过去分词修饰名词时,即使只有一个单词也放在名词后。
eg:The boy discarded looks pitiful
四、定语从句构成
1、构成:n+引导词+句子。
2、引导词:按照先行词的种类分5类共8个
①人:who whom whose(that在正式文体不能指人)
②物:that which whose
eg: The rose (that) the nightingale exchangde his life was discarded.
③地点:where what which
④时间:when(adv.) that which
eg:I will never forget the day (when) I met you. 副词不能充当成分
eg:I will never forget the day (that/which) we spent
⑤原因:why what which
eg: You had better have no reason (why) you are late.
3、谁决定用哪个引导词
(1)先行词,(2)引导词在从句中充当的成分
分类新标准:
(1)代词(充当主语/宾语的成分):who whom that which
(2)副词(不充当主语/宾语的成分):where when why
(3)形容词(从句中修饰离他最近的名词):whose
4、定语从句的特殊用法
(1)如果先行词和引导词之间有介词,人不用who,只能用whom;物不用that,只能用which
eg:I will never forget the day on (which) I met you.
eg:He is the man from (whom) wr should to learn.
(2)区别限制和非限制性定语从句
eg:I love my teacher, who looks elegant我喜欢那个老师,她看起来(也)很漂亮
eg:I love my teacher who looks elegant.我喜欢那个漂亮的老师
非限制性定语从句在长难句分析时,就相当于插入语,可以完全不看
(3)that 引导的定语从句,如果在从句中充当宾语,that可以省略
在分析长难句时,若看到两个名词或代词直接放在一起,中间没有被任何连词/引导词隔开,此时通常是省略that的定语从句
(4)
eg: He is the same man that I love他就是我爱的那个男人
eg:He is the same man as I love他就像我爱的那个男人
5、考点分析
1、写作:只要在作文中见到名词,都可以给他加一个定语的成分,把句子拉长
(1)万能定语:
n1 as well as n2 和 such as...
eg:
eg:Reading books such as little prince, a nightingale and a rose, and Jane Ayer can broaden horizon of all ordinary citizens(所有人).
(2)学会合句子
我昨天去逛街,遇到一个女生,她的妈妈很漂亮→我昨天去逛街遇到了一个妈妈很漂亮的女生
eg:I, going shopping yesterday, came across a lady whose mother looks elegant.
2、长难句分析
(1)定语从句是对前面名词的修饰,同位语是对前面名词的解释
(2)that如果充当成分就是定语从句,不充当成分就是同位语从句
(3)定语从句的先行词可以是所有名词(一个人是不能被完全限定的),而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词!(dream,rumor,fact...)
(4)定语从句的引导词有8个,而同位语从句的引导词通常是that
(5)只要n后的东西不是谓语,就暂定为定语从句(状语也有可能)
(6)如果主句的谓语动词在定语之前的话,定语就从名词后开始,通常到句末结束
一个大定语通常套有很多个小定语,翻译成定语3的定语2的定语1的n.
eg:I love Liu from Henan/ with a large population/ kind as well as diligent.
6、定语和定语从句的最难点
(1)寻找先行词:离他最近的名词
(2)离他最近的几个并列的名词
(3)定语从句的先行词是离他最近的从句
(4)定语从句的先行词是一整个句子
(5)定语从句的先行词和引导词之间被一些东西隔开了
1、动词能充当的成分
(1)分类:
①系动词
②助动词:一句话中帮助谓语构成时态、被动、否定和疑问的词。
I am going to be lawyer
I am beaten.
Do you love me?
③情态动词:表明说话人主观态度的词
- 表示对现在和将来的推测:情态动词+动词原形
eg:Mr. Yu must be wealthy一定有
Mr. Yu cannot be wealthy.一定没
- 表示对过去的推测
eg:Mr.Yu must have been(过去一定做过) self-biased(自卑的) in his university.
eg:You needn't(本不应该做却做了) shown your love in this way.
eg:I could have(本能做却没做) become a prominent poet
eg:They should have(本应该做却没做) got married if there existed a chance
eg:Women could have earned much money but
④实义动词: