*Fighting instructions, 1530-1816，Sir Julian Stafford Corbett

前言：

  在伊丽莎白统治期间，没有任何已知的作战条例，也没有任何迹象表明这一时代的海军上将曾经下达过合规的战斗命令。甚至于，海军上将霍德华在1588年的那支大舰队，在拆分成若干个分舰队（squadrons）前也曾两度与西班牙舰队作战；而如果在其统治末期有任何这类指令，曾在詹姆斯一世时代的英国海军中服役、并在查理一世统治初期便就这一主旨写著的Nathaniel Boteler亦不会就此一无所知。后者在其事关海上作战的叩答合编中，尽管六篇主题为“如何在航行、逐击、接舷与作战中指挥舰队”（Ordering of Fleets in Sailing, Chases, Boardings and Battles），然而这些据所知从未被付诸实践，其本人也仍然无法提供海军所用过的任何一款。这种反常毫不奇怪。尽管伊丽莎白时代的海军将领在遣送的信件中，有许多言语之于战略之上，然而对我们所理解的舰队战术却只字未提。舰艇作战（naval warfare）观念的主导、船只的日益灵便、火炮搭载装置的改良、英国之于火炮与炮术方面所取得的独特进步皆使战术从登舷作战迅速偏向于侧舷炮击，放大了单艘舰艇机动能力的价值，并放弃了基于小型武器短兵相接的旧式半军事编队（semi-military formation）。

  与之同时，尽管海军将领或是没有足够的忧虑，或是没有充分的先进力量以制定适应其新式武器的作战条例，然而许多迹象表明，他们在有意或是无意间开发了一种基于侧舷炮击的固有趋势，即，在行动中船队朝艏方向排成一道粗略的纵队；同时，这种做法通常视情况分成若干小组（groups），每组战队在敌方的薄弱之处次序用侧舷的火力给予攻击。而对于那些武装商船来说，造遵循这一作战构想近乎不可能：后者在其所为人见识的模糊画作中，组成松散的集群发动攻击，而开火时的烟雾则阻碍了彼此。不过伊丽莎白一世的战船是否没有遵循任何指令作战，则尚不可知。当德雷克与霍德华的联合舰队第一次被西班牙远征舰队发现之时，两名西班牙目击者称其是为“呈线列状”（in ala）而“井然有序”；而悬挂于上议院上描绘西班牙舰队的挂毯画中的第二副中，则实际上描绘了英国舰队列队成纵（line ahead）由普利茅斯港出航的场景，并以类似而却已然无序的阵型发起进攻。而毫无疑问，无论伊丽莎白时代初生的纵列战术走的多远，其本质仍基于次要战术的问题，而非是出于阵型条例的考量；而与其说是精心制定的作战体系的完美演绎，不如说是出于人之本能。当代唯一拥有实际记录的舰队编队仍然是基于旧式横队线阵，而仅仅用以检阅仪式。乌巴尔蒂尼（即彼得鲁乔·乌巴尔蒂尼（Petruccio Ubaldini），亨利八世与伊丽莎白一世时代的佛罗伦萨佣兵）在其第二部记叙著作中称这种战术是受到弗朗西斯·德雷克的启发，他提到当德雷克率舰驶离普利茅斯港与霍德华会合时德雷克“自港口出航与之（即霍德华）合兵一处，率三十艘船，皆列一阵而行，间三船之距，堂皇之阵列出于其精湛勤勉之手；pinnace、小艇阵前探去，似为侦察所近之船，是为其职”（He sallied from port to meet him with his thirty ships in equal ranks, three ships deep, making honourable display of his masterly and diligent handling, with the pinnaces and small craft thrown forward as though to reconnoitre the ships that were approaching, which is their office）；而在对于1588年战役令人不快的模糊叙述之中，这一描述比那些近乎无有的作战指令更加具体。

   直至1596年远征西印度群岛的行动结束，霍金斯与霍德华皆早已去世后，登陆部队的指挥官托马斯·巴斯克维尔爵士（Colonel-General Sir thomas Baskerville）被滞留以负责舰队撤离事务之时，今人方能得到确切的作战阵型的蛛丝马迹。在皮诺斯岛（Isla de Pinos）附近的行动中，就其晦涩难懂的叙述而言，他似乎将舰队分为两支并驾齐驱的战队，每支战队皆纵列而航，而王师的战船则至少被描述成依据先前的指定连贯而航直至所有船只都“位于自己的航线之上”（had their course）而引人瞩目。另一边，亨利·萨维尔 (Henry Savile)对于其指挥官近乎荒唐而热情的辩护被Richard Hakluyt记录于自己的著作之中，他更进一步，“我们统帅最为重要，因而一直保持自己的位置，直至依战斗命令，其余船只按照他以前的指令轮换而去，而他本人亦是如此精明的号令前锋与后卫；这种作战方式对于西班牙人来说完全陌生，如果他们的统帅有着明智判断，则能看出他们毫无胜算。”（Our general was the foremost and so held his place until, by order of fight, other ships were to have their turns according to his former direction, who wisely and politicly had so ordered his vanguard and rearward ; and as the manner of it was altogether strange to the Spaniard, so might they have been without hope of victory, if their general had been a man of judgment in seafights）

  如果萨维尔所言为实，那么新式纵队必然早已实现制定了明确的作战指令，而很可能在1588年战役之后数年里，海上的指挥官一直密切关注于一类新式的战术体系，只是缺乏海军行动的实践而只是无法得到发展而已；而若这一构想是巴斯克维尔说独有，那么其议战会中的资深海上将领则当不太可能将其接纳。而无论如何，足以断言，让舰队连贯而行进行攻击的构想是为了让诸舰在不阻碍相互间火力的同时互相提供支援这类想法（这是纵列战术的核心之要）已然催生，而巴斯克维尔的战术之所蕴含则显而易见是为20年后沃尔特·罗利爵士的作战指令之根基。

  亨利八世时代以来的的第一份为人所知的予英国舰队指令，为1617年5月3日沃尔特·雷利爵士于普利茅斯港所签发的条例，是时他正准备前往圭亚命运多舛的征途。这份条例的大部分内容主旨为“战争条款”（Articles of War）与“航行指南”（Sailing Instructions），只有少部分是“作战条例”（Fighting Instructions）；不过出于这些条款的普遍意义，下文以全篇列出。雷利爵士传记的作者，爱德华兹（Edward Edwards）在其著作《沃尔特·雷利爵士生平史》（The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh）一书中引用了以为当代作家的言语称“如此敬虔、威严、尚武的朝堂前从未有，（这些条例）宜当刻入每人灵魂，而转换与为国为王争荣的力量源泉之中”。不过，这并非单纯从字面上解读。至少就作战律则而言，雷利爵士的一些内容并非原创，而是可以追溯到十四世纪的《海军部黑皮书》（Black Book of the Admiralty）之中；而整个安排的不合逻辑指明，就如十八世纪的附加战斗条款一样，随着个别海军将领不时的增添远征作战时的战斗指令，整部指令从一个先例再到另一个先例那样逐渐臃肿。除此之外，亦有证据表明，除了那些除了雷利爵士航行的特殊目的而立的条款之外，其余条目皆是基于早先伊丽莎白时代的先例。对于英国战术史来说，这点异常重要，尤其是这些条例的第29款：其中规定了如何在风位被占据的情况下发动进攻。尽管难以想象，一位先前无有海上舰队行动经验之人会想到如此原本而行之有效的战术构建，不过迄今为止这些条款依然被认为是当代最新式的，而极有可能就是出自雷利爵士自己之手。不过，雷利爵士从跟早期的一些列指令中将其借用的证据相当明晰。

  一小本藏于于斯托宫手稿（Stowe MSS.）的四对开尺寸的论著（第426号），其题为“对于在我国海岸附近处进行海上作战的评论与建议以及何种阵列与律则适与作战及指挥我海军迎击西班牙舰队或其他随时可能的来犯之敌的准备”（Observations and overtures for a sea fight upon our own coasts, and what kind of order and discipline is fitted to be used in martialling and directing our navies against the preparations of such Spanish Armadas or others as shall at any time come to assail us）；直接的內政证据来自于斯托宫手稿的另一副本（第213号）之中，据所知其为“William Gorges, gentleman”所作，其本人被认定是为Sir William Gorges之子：作中透露出他曾经在1578年随父于在“无畏”号（Dreadnought）上远航，是时威廉爵士正在爱尔兰驻地担任海军统帅，率一支分舰队奉命阻拦于教皇格里高利十三世主持下托马斯·斯图克利爵士（Sir Thomas Stucley）即将发动的远征。威廉爵士是为沃尔特·雷利爵士的堂表亲，亦是Sir Arthur Gorges兄弟，后者即雷利爵士1597年远征亚速尔群岛的统帅，并出于与雷利相同的利益而撰写了珀切斯（Samuel Purchas)所刊发的是役记叙。尽管小威廉自如的运用了1588年战役之中的经验，然而他并不为人所知曾经担任过海军指挥官，其本人也成自己“毫无经验”。因而足以认定，他的论述只要是受到了雷利爵士的启示，而往往相当大部分需归功于爵士本人。然而这点并不重要，重要之处在于其论述末尾所附加的一系列作为先例的舰队指令，而显然是雷利爵士之所著的来源。这些指令着于十四篇条款之中，主要包括航海指令，即类似后来出现在雷利爵士所著之中的那些；第十五篇涉及如何处理船员之间的斗殴与流血事件，第十六篇则是规定如何晨祷和晚祷，并附有值守时的赞诗，并进一步规定任何无故缺席之人当遭“脚镣”（bilboes）之惩且在12小时内提供面包与水。不过，最后这整条关于提高船员虔诚的严苛规定被匆忙而不那么文质的匆匆划去，取而代之的则是空白处的另一篇，而几乎与雷利爵士于第一篇之中的一字不差；而同一人也划去了截止至十六条的全部条款，并指出事关祈祷的新条款将置于首位。接下来的条款则无论是在指令还是表述上都与雷利爵士所写密切相关，其以第36篇结尾，而雷利爵士事关圭亚那登陆行动的特别条款正从此开始；事关进攻方式重要的第29篇则与Gorges的近乎一致。不过，雷利爵士有几篇条款并不在 Gorges所著之中，而如果这两组条款并非逐字不差的相同，那么雷利爵士所写的更为完整，而显而易见是由后者的先例扩充而来。如此，加之除了祈祷章之外的其他修正篇都体现在雷利爵士的条款之中，几乎毫无疑问， Gorges之所记录更为古老，正是雷利爵士所依据的先例。

   Gorges的条款文章日期中有一处明显的难处，不过不必纠结。整篇条款于1618年或是次年3月16号献与新任海军大臣（lord high admiral）白金汉公爵，不过其迹象表明写作时间更加久远，且无论如何献策时的时间都绝非附录中指令的所作日期。真正的重要之处，在于 Gorges所著之中的指令比雷利爵士要早多久，而是否能确认其大致时间。无疑，做不到任何程度的精确，不过尽管如此并非毫无头绪：

  首先，对于祷告缺席行为的严厉惩罚，完全是都铎时代的特点；其次是雷利爵士省略了其中的一篇条款，其与如何使用铳箭（musket-arrows）有关。 Gorges的条款中如此写道“若使铳箭，需注意使用常规装药的一半弱，否则更多的发药将使箭矢多射出一倍”（If musket-arrows be used, to have great regard that they use not but half the ordinary charge of powder, otherwise more powder will make the arrow fly double），而据所知，这些铳箭于西班牙舰队时代就以其足以穿透能够防备火器的甲胄而备受青睐。此类火器是纯粹的英国武备，1593年理查德·霍金斯（ Richard Hawkins，约翰·霍金斯之子）前往南海*的航途中就曾将其使用。铳箭的效用得到了理查德的高度褒扬，不过尽管如此，这些武备似乎已然过时，且无有在詹姆斯时代使用的痕迹。

（注：*：即“South Sea”，当代指墨西哥湾）

  附录内容的首篇的标题中还有一处更具暗示的迹象，其题为“设使国王陛下的一支二三十船舰队将驶往如金赛尔港在内的爱尔兰西部地区行动而献策于海军统帅于指挥舰队穿越窄海之时以便在遭遇任何因天气或逐击而遇险或分散的情况下更好整合舰队与相互援助的指令与说明”（A form of orders and directions to be given by an admiral in conducting a fleet through the Narrow Seas for the better keeping together or relieving one another upon any occasion of distress or separation by weather or by giving chase for the understanding whereof suppose that a fleet of his majesty’s consisting of twenty or thirty sail were bound for serving on the west part of Ireland as Kinsale haven for example），其中的“His majesty”一词表明其是为于詹姆斯一世时代所撰写，不过为何Gorges选择这一奇怪的例子来解释其指令？只需牢记，正是恰好如此情形之下，其随其父从征，因而至少有如此可能：即这些指令是为搬抄了老威廉于西班牙舰队的十年前所发布的一些命令或是将其改编。无疑自伊丽莎白逝后无有任何情况足以让何位作者产生如此构想，而Gorges首篇条款所提及的集合处这是老威廉自然而然所考虑之处。证据如此不确定的情形下，自然无法追求准确。所能确认的是Gorges所附录的内容指出了如此一种可能性，即雷利爵士那条引人注目的第29条很可能在伊丽莎白统治中期便已出现，而之所以未能在任何一位伊丽莎白时代的海军名将的著作中留存，要么是因为其所嘱咐的战术被视为海上作战的机密，要么是过于陈腐而司空见惯以至于无须赘述。不管如何，对于Gorges的前例，不能打包票说这些最基础的纵列航行阵列与连贯而行发动进攻的方式出于雷利爵士之手，亦或是与西班牙舰队作战的当代人对此一无所知。

  在其他意义非凡的条款中，应当注意当注意如下条例，其揭示了英国海军的传统根基是多么牢固：第25条，其事关炮手；第26条，禁止越过近战射程* (Point-blank range)进行动作；尤其是第5和第6条，其旨在消除差船上水手与士兵的一切差别而确保海陆部队之间的统筹：这正是战时出于国族本能的特有卓雀之处。至于伊丽莎白时代进攻阵列所依据的战术原则，需指出，那便是打击敌之士气——使其陷入“彻底溃乱”（utter confusion）之中：这点异常重要，因为这种战术概念一直保持其地位，直至最终为集中部分舰队兵力的构想所取而代之。

（注：*：即枪炮无需瞄准便能直接开火的距离，意指要竭力避免陷入接舷作战）

    沃尔特·雷利爵士的作战指令，1617年（SIR WALTER RALEGH, 1617）[State Papers Domestic xcii. f. 9.]

    由骑士沃尔特·雷利爵士负责与指挥的航往阿美利加或其他地方的舰队与陆上连队的指挥官应当遵循的作战条例

    发行于1617年德文郡，普利茅斯港

  （Orders to be observed by the commanders of the fleet and land companies under the charge and conduct of Sir Walter Ralegh, Knight, bound for the south parts of America or elsewhere.

  （Given at Plymouth in Devon, the 3rd of May, 1617）

  First. Because no action nor enterprise can prosper, be it by sea or by land, without the favour and assistance of Almighty God, the Lord and strength of hosts and armies, you shall not fail to cause divine service to be read in your ship morning and evening, in the morning before dinner, and in the evening before supper, or at least (if there be interruption by foul weather) once in the day, praising God every night with the singing of a psalm at the setting of the watch.

  先是，出于无有万能之主、万军主宰与力量之眷顾与援助，就无有任何行动与伟业能成功，于早晚两餐前，需于船上宣读礼拜共二次，不可亵渎；或至少每日一拜，如若因天气而中断；于晚值守时则唱赞诗以颂主。

  2. You shall take especial care that God be not blasphemed in your ship, but that after admonition given, if the offenders do not reform themselves, you shall cause them of the meaner sort to be ducked at yard-arm ; and the better sort to be fined out of their adventure. By which course if no amendment be found, you shall acquaint me withal, delivering me the names of the offenders. For if it be threatened in the Scriptures that the curse shall not depart from the house of the swearer, much less shall it depart from the ship of the swearer.

  需留心万分，不可使主于船上遭到亵渎，但如若于训诫后亵渎之人无改过，当将其中卑劣者牢于桁端（？），良善者则当以其冒犯而罚以金；如若如此而未悔改，当使我知道，将亵渎之人名姓与我；圣经曰：若主遭亵渎，则诅咒当伴随亵渎者居所之旁，更当伴随其航途左右。

  3. Thirdly, no man shall refuse to obey his officer in all that he is commanded for the benefit of the journey. No man being in health shall refuse to watch his turn as he shall be directed, the sailors by the master and boatswain, the landsmen by their captain, lieutenant, or other officers.

  其三，任何人都不当拒绝服从其长吏为航徒利益的一切号令；任何健康之人，于指定之时，轮换所职，都不当拒绝，船主、帆长掌水手，船长*、尉官等掌其兵。

（注：*：当代船长“captain”实质为陆上部队的统率）

  4. You shall make in every ship two captains of the watch, who shall make choice of two soldiers every night to search between the decks that no fire or candlelight be carried about the ship after the watch be set, nor that any candle be burning in any cabin without a lantern ; and that neither, but whilst they are to make themselves unready. For there is no danger so inevitable as the ship firing, which may also as well happen by taking of tobacco between the decks, and therefore [it is] forbidden to all men but aloft the upper deck.

  每艘船上，当于士兵之中则二人任值守长于值时后巡视甲板查可有火焰烛光，舱内可有烛火无在灯中；即便无，也不当松懈；因无有任何危险如船只或因甲板间的烟火而失火般必然陷入不复，因而除了露天甲板外其他人都当禁止如此。

  5. You shall cause all your landsmen to learn the names and places of the ropes, that they may assist the sailors in their labour upon the decks, though they cannot go up to the tops and yards.

  船上士兵，尽管既无法爬上桅杆，亦无法上到帆桁，亦当让其知晓所有帆索、支索所为何名，位于何处，以便于甲板协助水手。

  *6. You shall train and instruct your sailors, so many as shall be found fit, as you do your landsmen, and register their names in the list of your companies, making no difference of professions, but that all be esteemed sailors and all soldiers, for your troops will be very weak when you come to land without the assistance of your seafaring men.

  当择水手应有尽适，如当陆上士兵般训练、指引，记其名姓记于连队册中，不分其职，所有士兵、水手当一视同仁尊重；如若登岸作战时无有水手援助，你的部下将羸弱万分。

  7. You shall not give chase nor send abroad any ship but by order from the general, and if you come near any ship in your course, if she be belonging to any prince or state in league or amity with his majesty, you shall not take anything from them by force, upon pain to be punished as pirates ; although in manifest extremity you may (agreeing for the price) relieve yourselves with things necessary, giving bonds for the same. Provided that it be not to the disfurnishing of any such ship, whereby the owner or merchant be endangered for the ship or goods.

  除非有旗舰之命，否则不可追逐任何船只、亦不可遣你的人马登上其舷；如若有船只处于你的航线之上，该船恰好为任何与国王陛下结为联盟或友善的国家与亲王所属，尽管于险急之情，只需无有从诸如此类船只劫掠，使船只商贾因船只或货物而受胁迫，可商谈价格，付所相当，易必须之物缓解其急，但不得强行从中带走任何物品，否则以海盗论处。

  

  *8. You shall every night fall astern the general’s ship, and follow his light, receiving instructions in the morning, what course to hold. And if you shall at any time be separated by foul weather, you shall receive billets sealed up, the first to be opened on this side the North Cape,¹ if there be cause, the second to be opened beyond the South Cape,² the third after you shall pass 23 degrees, and the fourth from the height of Cape Verd.³

  每晚时分，当率舰撤至旗舰之后，随其航灯，旦日受其号令，知何航途；如若任何时刻，出于恶劣天气，队伍即将分散，则你将收到密封信令，于事出有因，启第一封于北角，第二封于南角，第三封于南向越过23度纬线后，第四封于维德角。

（注：1：即Cape Finisterre，菲尼斯特雷角；2：即Cape st vincent，圣文森特角；3：原文拼写为“Cape Devert”）

  

  9. If you discover any sail at sea, either to windward or to leeward of the admiral, or if any two or three of our fleet shall discover any such like sail which the admiral cannot discern, if she be a great, ship and but one, you shall strike your main topsail and hoist it again so often as you judge the ship to be hundred tons of burthen ; or if you judge her to be 200 tons to strike and hoist twice ; if 300 tons thrice, and answerable to your opinion of her greatness.

  若你在海上发现任何船只，如果是艘形单影只的大帆船，无论之于旗舰上风或下风，亦或舰队中的任何两三搜发现了旗舰无法辨认的类似船只，当你判断这艘船有百吨时卷起主桅的顶帆后再度挂起，如若200吨则二次，300吨三次，并为你对该船的体量的判断而负责。

  *10. If you discover a small ship, you shall do tie like with your fore topsail; but if you discover many great ships you shall not only strike your main topsail often, but put out your ensign in the maintop. And if such fleet or ship go large before the wind, you shall also after your sign given go large and stand as any of the fleet doth : I mean no longer than that you may judge that the admiral and the rest have seen your sign and you so standing. And if you went large at the time of the discovery you shall hale of your sheets for a little time, and then go large again that the rest may know that you go large to show us that the ship or fleet discovered keeps that course.

  如若发现一艘小船，则以前桅顶帆做相同动作；如若发现许多大船，不仅需要主顶帆做出动作，桅顶还需挂上你的信号旗；如若任何此类舰队船只正张帆顺向兜风，你也当在发出信号后如此，而后舰队中的任何一艘伫立：即，当判断旗舰与其他船只看到你所发出的信号之后如此；如若发现之时你正挂满帆，当收起风帆片刻，尔后重新挂满，使其余诸船知晓所发现者正往何处。

  *11. So shall you do if the ship or fleet discovered have her tacks* aboard, namely, if you had also your tacks aboard at the time of the discovery, you shall bear up for a little time, and after hale your sheets again to show us what course the ship or fleet holds.

  如若发现之时此类船只舰队顶风而航，你亦当如此；如若是时你正保持顶风而向，则当顺风而航片刻，而后重新拉起风帆，亦使知晓所发现船只舰队之往何处。

（注：当代航海用语中，“ tack”既可指使风帆保持一定角度以便顶风而航，也可以指从一面跟风再到另一面的动作；结合第10条与下文“bear up for a little time”（兜风片刻），似乎应当为前者）

  *12. If you discover any ship or fleet by night, if the ship or fleet be to windward of you, and you to windward of the admiral, you shall presently bear up to give us knowledge. But if you think that (did you not bear up) you might speak with her, then you shall keep your luff，and shoot off a piece of ordnance to give us knowledge thereby.

  如若于夜间发现任何船只舰队正之于你的上风位，而你舰之于旗舰上风位，则当立刻顺风而来告知情报；在无有张帆的情况下，如若你判断能与之交流，则保持自己的帆索不动，而后发射一枚号炮使诸人知晓。

  13. For a general rule: Let none presume to shoot off a piece of ordnance but in discovery of a ship or fleet by night, or by being in danger of an enemy, or in danger of fire, or in danger of sinking, that it may be unto us all a most certain intelligence of some matter of importance.

  一般而言：除非于夜间发现船只舰队，亦或者面临敌人，或是陷入火情，或是即将沉没，否则无论任何人都不当贸然发射号炮，因为这种信号将告知与最重要的警情。

  *14. And you shall make us know the difference by this : if you give chase and being near a ship you shall shoot to make her strike, we shall all see and know that you shoot to that end if it be by day ; if by night, we shall then know that you have seen a ship or fleet none of our company ; and if you suspect we do not hear the first piece then you may shoot a second, but not otherwise, and you must take almost a quarter of an hour between your two pieces.

  

  你当使我等知晓下列情况的差别：如若于白日，逐击靠近一艘船时，你当发一枚号炮令其停船，使其余知晓你的目的；于夜间亦当如此，使其余知晓发现未明舰队船只；如若怀疑我等未闻炮号，则当发第二炮，但两炮需间隔一刻钟。

  *15. If you be in danger of a leak—I mean in present danger—you shall shoot off two pieces presently one after another, and if in danger of fire, three pieces presently one after another; but if there be time between we will know by your second piece that you doubt that we do not hear your first piece, and therefore you shoot a second, to wit by night, and give time between

  如若你舰当前有渗漏的危险，当连发号炮二枚；如若陷入火情，当连发三枚；但若炮声间有间隔，我等将从第二枚炮算起，并知晓你舰疑我未闻炮号，因而若于夜间发射二炮，应当于炮间留有间隔。

  16. There is no man that shall strike any officer be he captain, lieutenant, ensign, sergeant, corporal of the field, quartermaster, &c.

  无论何人，都不当殴其长吏，无论船长、尉官、旗官、军士、下士、军需官皆当如此。

  17. Nor the master of any ship, master’s mate, or boatswain, or quartermaster. I say no man shall strike or offer violence to any of these but the supreme officer to the inferior, in time of service, upon pain of death.

  无论何船，对于船主、船副，或帆长，或舵长*亦当如是；即，除非最高僚员之于下属，任何人不当殴其一人或付诸暴力，若是，问大辟。

（注：当代航海用语，“quartermaster”是位于船艉四分之一甲板处负责掌舵、管理舵手与信号标识的职位；此处quartermaster不是“军需官”之意）

  

  18. No private man shall strike another, upon pain of receiving such punishment as a martial court2 shall think him worthy of.

  任何人不当殴及彼此，否则将受到军事法庭的裁定之惩。

  19. If any man steal any victuals, either by breaking into the hold or otherwise, he shall receive the punishment as of a thief or murderer of his fellows.

  若有偷窃食物者，无论以闯入船舱亦或其他，都当以窃贼或以谋害同行之凶受惩。

  20. No man shall keep any feasting or drinking between meals, nor drink any healths upon your ship’s provisions.

  任何人于两餐间，不得用餐饮酒，也不得于餐时交杯（？）。

  21. Every captain by his purser, stewards, or other officers shall take a weekly account how his victuals waste.

  任何船长当由其会计、管事与其他僚员每礼拜核算一次食物折损状况。

  22. The steward shall not deliver any candle to any private man nor for any private use.

  管事不得将任何烛火交予私人，也不得将其用于私人用途。

  23. Whosoever shall steal from his fellows either apparel or anything else shall be punished as a thief.

  凡偷窃同行衣物及其他物品者，如窃贼论处。

  24. In foul weather every man shall fit his sails to keep company with the fleet, and not run so far ahead by day but that he may fall astern the admiral by night.

  于恶劣天气，任何船只都当调整至与大部队航向一致，旦日不当前向驶船过远，以免夜间落得过后。

  25. In case we shall be set upon by sea, the captain shall appoint sufficient company to assist the gunners ; after which, if the fight require it, in the cabins between the decks shall be taken down [and] all beds and sacks employed for bulwarks.

  *The musketeers of every ship shall be divided under captains or other officers, some for the forecastle, others for the waist, and others for the poop, where they shall abide if they be not otherwise directed.

  如若在海上遭到攻击，船长应当派遣足够的人手以助炮手；之后，若有战斗所需，卸下甲板间的所有隔仓，并以床铺装袋为掩体。

  *火枪手当于船长或其他长吏率领下散开布置，或于艏楼，或于船舯，或于艉楼；如若无人指挥，则于原处待命。

  26. The gunners shall not shoot any great ordnance at other distance than point blank.

  炮手不当于除抵近外的其余距离上发射任何重炮。

  27. An officer or two shall be appointed to take care that no loose powder be carried between the decks, or near any linstock or match in hand. You shall saw divers hogsheads in two parts, and filling them with water set them aloft the decks. You shall divide your carpenters, some in hold if any shot come between wind and water, and the rest between the decks, with plates of leads, plugs, and all things necessary laid by them. You shall also lay by your tubs of water certain wet blankets to cast upon and choke any fire.

  应遣一僚员或二，留心甲板间可有火药散落，可有任何人手中火棍火柴与之过近。除此之外，你当将许多木桶劈为对半，装满水，置于甲板上；你当将你的木匠分为两部分，一部分于舱内，以应付如若风与水间*有弹袭来，一部分遣至甲板，并让他们带上铅板、塞子及一切必要之物；你亦当在你的木盆中浸湿毯子，以浇灭遏控任何火势。

  28. The master and boatswain shall appoint a certain number of sailors to every sail, and to every such company a master’s mate, a boatswain’s mate or quartermaster ; so as when every man knows his charge and his place things may be done without noise or confusion, and no man [is] to speak but the officers. As, for example, if the master or his mate bid heave out the main topsail, the master’s mate, boatswain’s mate or quartermaster which hath charge of that sail shall with his company perform it, without calling out to others and without rumour, and so for the foresail, fore topsail, spritsail and the rest ; the boatswain himself taking no particular charge of any sail, but overlooking all and seeing every man to do his duty.

  船主、帆长，当于每面帆指派一定的水手，并一船副、一水手副长或一舵长，如此，诸人都当知晓自己所之何处，所何职责，事将完成，而无有噪声、混乱，除非船僚无人当言语。如，若船主、或其副手令升主顶帆，主该帆的船副与水手副长、亦或舵长、当与其队伍一并完成，勿呼他人，勿要交耳，前帆、前顶帆、斜杠帆等皆当如此；帆长不主任何风帆，然需俯瞰所有，以确诸人尽其职责。

  29. No man shall board his enemy’s ship without order, because the loss of a ship to us is of more importance than the loss of ten ships to the enemy, as also by one man s boarding all our fleet may be engaged; it being too great a dishonour to lose the least of our fleet. But every ship, if we be under the lee of an enemy, shall labour to recover the wind if the admiral endeavours it. But if we find an enemy to be leewards of us, the whole fleet shall follow the admiral, vice-admiral, or other leading ship within musket shot of the enemy; giving so much liberty to the leading ship as after her broadside delivered she may stay and trim her sails. Then is the second ship to tack as the first ship and give the other side, keeping the enemy under a perpetual shot.Thus you must do upon the windermost ship or ships of an enemy, which you shall either batter in pieces, or force him or them to bear up and so entangle them, and drive them foul one of another to their utter contusion.

  无有命令，任何人不当登上敌舷，因我船之折损一艘胜过敌之十艘，而若因一人登舷，所有船只亦将卷入其中；即使失去其中最小一艘，亦是极大耻辱。如若我等处于敌之合笼，若旗舰尽其所职恢复风向，诸船亦当如此。若发觉敌背风于我，整支舰队当于火枪射程之内随旗舰、副旗舰或其余领舰而动；并给予领舰极大自主，于侧舷炮击尔后、可留与原处、整其风帆。随后，第二艘船如领舰般转向炮击，使敌永远处于火力之下。你们需当如此应对下风位之敌一或数船，或是将其击为废材，或是迫使其忍耐而将其缠住，将其一个并一个驱逐，使之完全陷入困境。

  30. The musketeers, divided into quarters of the ship, shall not deliver their shot but at such distance as their commanders shall direct them.

  火枪手分为四队置于各处，不得于其长吏可将其指挥的距离外令其开火。

  31. If the admiral give chase and be headmost man, the next ship shall take up his boat, if other order be not given. Or if any other ship be appointed to give chase, the next ship (if the chasing ship have a boat at her stern) shall take it.

  如若旗舰追逐于敌，而身先士卒，如未下其余命令，则次一艘船紧随其后；而如若任何船只被命令与追逐敌，若有船次其后亦当如此。

  32. If any make a ship to strike, he shall not enter her until the admiral come up.

  如有敌船失去行动，任何人不得进入该船，直至旗舰上前。

  33. You shall take especial care for the keeping of your ships clean between the decks, [and] to have your ordnance ready in order, and not cloyed with chests and trunks.

  时刻注意保持甲板间的整洁，使火器准备妥当，不使其妨碍于辎重之间。

  34. Let those that have provision of victual deliver it to the steward, and every man put his apparel in canvas cloak bags, except some few chests which do not pester the ship.

  使存有食粮之人，将其食粮交由管事。每人当将自己衣物放于帆布袋中；其余细软存于匣中，无有妨碍舱内整洁。

  35. Everyone that useth any weapon of fire, be it musket or other piece, shall keep it clean, and if he be not able to amend it being out of order, he shall presently acquaint his officer therewith, who shall command the armourer to mend it.

  任何使用火器之人，无论火枪船炮，都当保持清洁；如若无法处理故障火器，则当告知长吏，使之命军械士将其修复。

  36. No man shall play at cards or dice either for his apparel or arms upon pain of being disarmed and made a swabber of the ship

  无论何人，不得为衣装武备或玩纸牌、或玩骰子，否则将被接触武装，并罚清扫之役。

  *37.Whosoever shall show himself a coward upon any landing or otherwise, he shall be disarmed and made a labourer or carrier of victuals for the rest.

  无论何人，如若于登陆之时亦或其他胆怯，，则将被解除武装，罚为苦役，或是为其他人搬运食粮。

  *38. No man shall land any man in any foreign ports without order from the general, by the sergeant-major or other officer, upon pain of death.

  无有将军命令，任何人不得登陆任何外国港口，若是，则由军士长*或者其余长吏令坐死。

（注：*：当代的“军士长”（sergeant-major）相当于今天（此指20世纪初）的“参谋长”（chief of the staff）或“将军侍从”（adjutant-general）；在埃塞克斯伯爵1597年远征亚速尔群岛而发布的舰队指令中，有一则类似的条款：“在无有将军或者其他主指挥官的命令下任何船只的船长或连队的连队长不得登陆否则判死”（No captain of any ship nor captain of any company if he be severed from the fleet shall land without direction from the general or some other principal commander upon pain of death）。是役，雷利爵士被指控违反了这一条指令，而其本人以自己为“主指挥官”之一拒绝了这一指控。）

  *39. You shall take especial care when God shall send us to land in the Indies, not to eat of any fruit unknown, which fruit you do not find eaten with worms or beasts under the tree.

  当主使我等登陆于印度群岛时，必要小心万分，不得食用任何不知名、走兽飞虫不食的水果。

  *40. You shall avoid sleeping on the ground, and eating of new fish until it be salted two or three hours, which will otherwise breed a most dangerous flux; so will the eating of over-fat hogs or fat turtles.

  你当避免直接睡于地上，避免吃生鲜的鱼，直至被腌制二三小时，否则将引发最危险的痢疾；肥猪、肥龟亦当如此。

   '*41. You shall take care that you swim not in any rivers but where you see the Indians swim, because most rivers are full of alligators.

   也不应当游过任何河流，除非有土人游过，因为大多数河流中有鳄鱼出没。

  *42. You shall not take anything from any Indian by force, for if you do it we shall never from thenceforth be relieved by them, but you must use them with all courtesy. But for trading and exchanging with them, it must be done by one or two of every ship for all the rest, and those to be directed by the cape merchant* of the ship, otherwise all our commodities will become of vile price, greatly to our hindrance.

  你不当用暴力从任何土人手中夺取任何，如若如此我等无法从中获取援助，因而当以一切礼节相待；如若要与之易物买卖，则必须由船上的一二指引于商贾之人如此，否则商品将贱，与我无利。

（注:*:可能为拼写错误，作指“小商贩“（chap merchant）或意为“barter-merchant”）

  *43. For other orders on the land we will establish them (when God shall send us thither) by general consent. In the meantime I shall value every man, honour the better sort, and reward the meaner according to their sobriety and taking care for the service of God and prosperity of our enterprise.

  如若主使得我等之于某地，其余命令将基于普遍同意。于时，我将重视每一人等，尊其优者，而因理智、与之为主礼拜与我事业的昌顺恪尽职守而酬与劣者。

  *44. When the admiral shall hang out a flag in the main shrouds, you shall know it to be a flag of council. Then come aboard him.

  如若海军统帅于主支索悬挂一面旗帜，这代表议战委员会于此。随后你当登上旗舰。

  *45. And wheresoever we shall find cause to land, no man shall force any woman be she Christian or heathen, upon pain of death.

  无论于何种原因之于何处，任何人不当凌辱妇女，无论基督徒、异教徒，如是坐死。