Introduction to Psychology - 020301

====Chapeter2: Brain and Behavior

First, for the sake of simplicity, we have assigned functions to 

each “part” of the brain as if it were a computer. This is only a half-truth. 

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Human experience also shapes the brain’s circuits /'sɜːkɪt/回路. 

===Chapter3: Human Development

=Question 3.1: How do heredity遗传 and environment affect development?

Parents are asking for failure when they try to force a child to learn skills 

too early or too late.

Events that occur during a sensitive period can permanently alter the 

course of development.

Adults who grew up in poverty often remain trapped陷入困境的 in a 

vicious cycle恶性循环 of continued poverty. 

Many studies have shown that enriched environments 

improve abilities or enhance development.

=Question 3.2: What can newborn babies do?

=Question 3.3: Of what significance is a child’s emotional bond with adults?

=Question 3.4: How important are parenting styles?

=Question 3.5: How do children acquire language?

=Question 3.6: How do children learn to think?

Parents should avoid forced teaching, or “hothousing,” which is 

like trying to force plants to bloom prematurely. 

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Forcing children to learn reading, math, gymnastics, swimming, or 

music at an accelerated pace can bore使厌烦 or oppress压迫 them. 

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True intellectual enrichment respects the child’s interests. 

It does not make the child feel pressured to perform.

=Question 3.7: Why is the transition from adolescence to adulthood 

especially challenging?

=Question 3.8: How do we develop morals and values?

=Question 3.9: What are the typical tasks and dilemmas through the life span?

=Question 3.10: What is involved in well-being during middle and later adulthood?

Psychologist Carol Ryff believes that well-being during adulthood has six elements:

 1. Self-acceptance

 2. Positive relations with others

 3. Autonomy (personal freedom)

 4. Environmental mastery

 5. A purpose in life

 6. Continued personal growth

★Sharing life’s joys and sorrows with others, coupled with加上 a better 

understanding of how the world works, can help carry people through 

midlife and into their later years.