《The Russian Civil War》苏俄内战 #1汉化

 《The Russian Civil War》汉化

《苏俄内战》汉化

By Evan Mawdsley

译者：KoiSama

译者前言：

这本历史书比较详细的介绍了内战历史，英国作者 Evan Mawdsley 也是比较厉害的俄罗斯历史研究家，其他的无需多言，作者的原文内容基本上是客观平述，基本是按着历史说历史。如果读者们有谁觉得书中所写或者我个人翻译的有所问题，欢迎在评论区里面写出来。但是如果就是怎么读怎么不对劲，出门左转可以看联共党史，出门右转也可以看看当代俄罗斯的通三统。

1918：YEAR OF DECISION

It is obvious that Soviet power is organized civil war against the landlords,the bourgeoisie, and the kulaks.

LD.Trotsky,June 1918

1918：决定性的一年

显然，苏维埃政权需要通过有组织的内战来彻底消灭地主、资产阶级和富农。

LD.托洛茨基.June 1918

THE TRIUMPHAL MARCH OF SOVIET POWER:

THE BOLSHEVIK TAKEOVER IN

CENTRAL RUSSIA,

October 1917-January 1918

苏维埃政权的胜利进军:

布尔什维克接管了整个俄罗斯

1917年10月- 1918年1月

公民们:

罪恶的反革命势力抬起了头，科尔尼洛夫正在动员他们的军队，他想要粉碎全俄苏维埃议会同时破坏掉整个制宪会议。现在这位大屠杀制造者可能试图在彼得格勒的街道上制造混乱和屠杀。

彼得格勒工兵代表苏维埃担负着保卫革命的任务，必定阻止他人反革命和大屠杀的企图。

彼得格勒 MRC[1]告示1917年

October

那个十月

Historians of modem Russia have not come to a clear verdict on when the Civil War started.Many are vague.Others,probably a majority,date the Civil War from the summer of 1918,usually linking it to an uprising by Czechoslovak troops in May.Dating the Civil War from the summer of 1918 has important implications:it suggests a peaceful start to Soviet power,increases the weight of "foreign intervention"(the Czechoslovaks),and links radical Bolshevik policies to the outbreak of fighting.

现代俄国历史学家对于内战的具体爆发时间么有给出很明确的结论。很多概念都是很模糊的。但可能大多数人都会把内战追溯到1918年夏天，通常把它与5月份捷克斯洛伐克军队的正式暴动所联系起来。将苏俄内战的开端追溯到1918年的夏天具有重要意义:它暗示着在俄罗斯苏维埃对权力的夺权大体上是和平的，增加了“外国干预”(捷克斯洛伐克军团)对内战爆发的分量，并将布尔什维克激进的政策与战争的爆发联系起来。

My own view,shared with a respectable minority of writers(both Westem and Soviet),is that the Civil War began with the October revolution.The events described in the following two chapters will show that the victory of Soviet power in the winter of 1917-1918 went hand in hand with internal fighting of an intensity that can only be called "civil war."

我自己的观点与相当少的作家(包括西方作家和苏联作家)观点基本相同，苏俄内战其实始于十月革命(October revolution)，以下两章我所描述的事件会表明一件事：苏维埃1917-1918年冬季的胜利夺权和与之相伴而来的是激烈的内部斗争已经是“内战“的一部分了。

The Russian Civil War,then,began in the autumn of 1917.To be precise,it began on 25 October during the evening.The specter of Russian fighting Russian had lurked in the background since the Tsar was toppled in February,but what set off the final apocalyptic struggle,one that would last three years and cost over seven million lives,was the seizure of power in Petrograd by the Bolshevik Party.Detachments of armed workers,sailors,and soldiers took control of the capital and arrested Kerensky's Provisional Government.They were organized by the Bolsheviks but acted in the name of the soviets-the workers'and soldiers'councils；the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets met on the night of 25 October.Resistance was weak-the "storming"of the Winter Palace is something of a myth-but real bloodshed came a few days later with an attempted counterrevolt.The events taking place around Petrograd from 28 October to 1 November were the overture of the Civil War,demonstrating themes that would recur.The same forces,even some of the same leaders,were involved.Young officer-cadets("junkers'")rose within Petrograd;small cossack detachments under General Krasnov (a future Don Cossack leader)tried to break into the city across the scrubland of the southern outskirts.On the Soviet side were armed workers and revolutionary soldiers and sailors,loosely coordinated by two future heroes of 1918,Antonov-Ovseenko[2] and Lieutenant Colonel Muraviev[3].In the end the junkers were crushed,and the cossacks were stopped at Gatchina.As in the later Civil War the civilian opponents of the Bolsheviks,people of the moderate Left and Right,lacked effective combat forces of their own and played no part.

苏俄内战于1917年秋季爆发，更确切地说，它是自10月25日晚上开始的，自沙皇政权于当年2月被推翻以来，俄罗斯人之间的战争阴云就一直潜伏在幕后，但引发这一场灾难性斗争的导火索，还是布尔什维克党在彼得格勒夺取了政权，这场斗争持续了三年，期间夺走了近700多万人的生命。最开始由武装工人、水手和士兵组成的分遣队控制了彼得格勒，并逮捕了克伦斯基的临时政府成员。起义部队是由布尔什维克组织的，但以当地苏维埃——工人士兵委员会的名义而行事（起义前期布尔什维克基本上完全掌握了彼得格勒苏维埃，同时孟什维克与其他左翼团体比如崩得分子被边缘化）;第二次全俄苏维埃代表大会于起义的当晚召开。临时政府一方的抵抗十分微弱的——布尔什维克对冬宫的“猛攻”有点像神话一样——但真正的流血事件在几天后爆发，克伦斯基组织了一次反攻（但是很快失败）。从10月28日到11月1日在彼得格勒附近发生的一系列事件都是内战的序曲，也表明了接下来的主题。接下来还是同样的势力，甚至是同样的领导人参与了未来内战的走向。几天后年轻的士官生团体(“junker”)在彼得格勒内部发起了暴乱;在克拉斯诺夫将军(未来的顿河哥萨克领袖)领导下的一些哥萨克小分队试图穿越彼得格勒南郊的灌木区闯入城市。苏维埃一方则是武装起来的工人、革命士兵还有水兵，当时士兵们被之后1918年战争的两位英雄领袖弗拉基米尔·安东诺夫(Antonov-Ovseenko)[2]和穆拉维约夫中上校（Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov）[3]松散组织了起来。最后，反革命的反扑被击溃了，哥萨克部队最后也被拦在加特契纳城下。在后来的内战中，布尔什维克的反对派，即温和左翼或者中间派，他们一般缺乏自己的武装力量，所以没有什么存在感。

The October events are sometimes called a coup,but their deeper roots can be seen in what Lenin termed the "Triumphal March of Soviet Power,"the rapid takeover of the Russian Empire.In Moscow,the second city of the Empire,a few days of confused and bloody street fighting,complete with artillery bombardment and massacre,ended with rebel victory.In most of the big towns of central and northwestern Russia-the crucial future core of Soviet territory-and also in the Urals,the local soviets took power within a couple of weeks.Nowhere in these regions was there serious fighting,even on the scale of Petrograd and Moscow.By the new year an even vaster region,the great majority of the Empire's seventy-five province and region (oblast)centers,stretching from the Polish borderlands to the Pacific,was in the hands of the revolutionaries;the main areas outside nominal Soviet control were the Transcaucasus,Finland,four Ukrainian provinces,and the Don,Kuban,and Orenburg Cossack Regions.

十月革命总是被某些人称为“十月政变”，但明显境界低了，我们可以从列宁所称的“苏维埃政权的胜利进行”中看到，即俄罗斯被布尔什维克迅速接管。虽然在前帝国的第二大城市莫斯科爆发了持续了几天的血腥巷战，到处都是炮火和子弹，但最终莫斯科还是被苏维埃政权胜利占领。但在俄罗斯中部和西北部的大多数城市里——同时也是未来革命政权的核心区域——以及远东的乌拉尔地区，当地的苏维埃支持者只用了几周就成功夺取了政权。这些地区甚至没有发生过什么激烈的战斗，到了1918年的新年，一片广阔的地区——从波兰边境一直延伸到太平洋的前帝国75个省和地区绝大多数都已经掌握在革命者手中;苏维埃政权名义上控制了除了外高加索、芬兰、四个乌克兰省，以及顿河、库班和奥伦堡哥萨克地区外的全部地区。

The end of the easy (for the Bolsheviks)first phase of the Civil War came on 5 January,with the meeting in Petrograd of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly[4].National elections held in early November had shown the peasant-based Socialist-revolutionary (SR)Party,not the Bolsheviks,to be the most popular group.The Bolsheviks allowed the Assembly to meet for one night,and then armed sailors closed the hall and locked the delegates out.With this ended the last serious political challenge to Bolshevism in central Russia."Soviet"power was then confirmed by the Bolshevik-dominated Third Congress of Soviets.

随着1月5日在彼得格勒召开的全俄立宪会议的结束，内战的第一阶段就这样轻松结束了。不过11月初举行的立宪会议[4]全国选举显示，以农民为基础的社会主义革命党(SR)才是俄罗斯最受欢迎的群体。一月，这场大会刚召开了一个晚上，就被武装水兵们封锁了大厅，把与会代表们全都锁在了外面，结束了布尔什维克内战中受到的一次最严重的政治挑战。随后在由布尔什维克主导的苏维埃第三次代表大会上， “苏维埃议会”的权力算是被最终确认了。

1.     MRC：Military revolutionary Committee（士兵革命委员会）

2.     弗拉基米尔·安东诺夫(Antonov-Ovseenko)：乌克兰共产党员，内站期间率领部队对抗乌克兰的中央拉达政权，同时也是托洛茨基支持者，后来于大清洗期间被判处枪决，后平反。

3.     穆拉维约夫中上校（Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov）：左派社会革命党员，后来他被任命为东部战线总司令，与捷克斯洛伐克军团作战，后来他听说左翼社会革命党在 7 月初起义后他也一并发起了起义，他率领了一千人沿着伏尔加河航行，希望能够夺取辛比尔斯克，后来他被布尔什维克俘虏，在试图拔枪拒捕时被枪杀。

4.     全俄立宪会议： 为1917年，俄国二月革命中推翻俄罗斯帝国后形成的一个宪政民主议会。这个为实现资产阶级民主的议会在1918年1月5日（儒略历）16时由民选代表召开，但翌日凌晨5时即遭全俄苏维埃中央委员会决议解散，历史上仅仅存在了13个小时。不得不说最开始译者写的感慨连连，最后还是换上了百度知道。