【简译】腓立比 (Philippi)

2023-07-03 10:28 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

Philippi was an important city in eastern Macedon which flourished in the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Periods. Situated between the Strymon and Nestos rivers, the city was valued in antiquity for its nearby gold mines. Site of the famous Battle of Philippi at the end of the Roman Republic, the city prospered in the Roman imperial era and, after a visit from St. Paul, became an important centre of early Christianity. Philippi continued to flourish as a major Byzantine city. Today the archaeological site has substantial remains including a theatre and four basilicas. Philippi is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

腓立比是马其顿东部一座重要的城市，在希腊化、罗马和拜占庭时期都很繁荣。该城位于斯特里蒙河和奈斯托斯河之间，在古代因附近有金矿而受到重视。罗马共和国末期著名的腓立比战役就发生在这里，该城在罗马帝国时代繁荣昌盛，在圣保罗访问后，成为早期基督教的一个重要中心。腓立比作为拜占庭的主要城市继续蓬勃发展。如今，该考古遗址拥有大量的遗迹，包括一座剧院和四座大教堂。腓立比被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。

希腊化时期

According to tradition, the city, under its first name of Crenides (or Datum), was founded c. 360 BCE by settlers from nearby Thasos who were led by the Athenian Kallistratos. There is no archaeological evidence of a significant settlement prior to the 4th century BCE but there had been small communities in the area since Neolithic times as attested by local rock art.

根据传统，这个城市的第一个名字是Crenides（或Datum），是由雅典人卡利斯特拉图斯领导的来自附近萨索斯岛的定居者于公元前360年左右建立的。没有任何考古证据表明公元前 4 世纪之前这里有重要的定居点，但当地岩石艺术证明，自新石器时代以来，该地区就存在小型社区。

When Krenides was attacked by Thracians the inhabitants looked to Philip II of Macedon for protection. Philip, no doubt with an eye on the wealth of the local gold mines, responded by taking the city and renaming it Philippi (or Philippoi), after himself, in c. 357 BCE. Fortifications and a theatre were amongst the architectural additions made under Philip's reign and he also drained the surrounding swamps. The city maintained its independence but to ensure continued loyalty from this new asset a number of Macedonians were permanently relocated to the city. According to the ancient historian Diodorus, the mines near Philippi produced a very respectable 1,000 talents each year.

当克雷尼德斯遭到色雷斯人的攻击时，居民们向马其顿的腓力二世寻求庇护。腓力无疑是看中了当地的金矿，在公元前357年左右占领了该城，并以自己的名字重新命名为腓立比（或Philippoi）。在腓力二世的统治下，该城修建了防御工事和剧院，他还疏通了周围的沼泽地。这座城市保持了独立，但为了确保这个新资产的持续忠诚度，许多马其顿人永久迁移到该城市。根据古代历史学家狄奥多罗斯的说法，腓立比附近的矿场每年保持有1000多人在挖矿，非常可观。

Following the death of Alexander and the subsequent Successor Wars, Phillipi was much sought after for its gold and convenient harbour, Neapolis (modern Kavala) but continued to act as an independent city under the Antigonid regime. This is attested in a decree found on Kos which dates to 243 BCE and which grants the island's sanctuary to Hera the right of asylum.

在亚历山大去世和随后的继承者战争之后，腓力比因其黄金和便利的港口纳波利斯（现代卡瓦拉）而备受追捧，但在安提柯政权下继续充当独立城市。在科斯岛发现的一项法令证明了这一点，该法令可以追溯到公元前243年，该法令授予萨摩斯岛避难所的庇护权。

罗马时期

When the Romans defeated the Macedon king at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BCE, they divided Macedonia into four administrative districts. Philippi is not mentioned specifically but it is assumed it was in the first zone, the prima regio. In 146 BCE Macedon became a single Roman province and Philippi one of its prominent centres. The city benefitted greatly from the construction of the via Egnatia, the major road which connected the area to the Adriatic in the south and the Dardanelles in the north. A well-planned forum was built, along with a basilica, and a commercial street joined the heart of the city to the via Egnatia.

公元前168年，罗马人在彼得那战役中打败了马其顿国王，他们将马其顿分为四个行政区。腓立比没有被具体提及，但可以推测它位于第一区，即第一行政区。公元前146年，马其顿成为罗马的一个行省，腓立比成为其重要的中心之一。该市受益于艾格纳提亚大道的建设，这是连接该地区南部与亚得里亚海和北部达达尼尔海峡的主要道路。一个精心规划的广场和一座大教堂一起建成，一条商业街将城市中心与艾格纳提亚大道连接起来。

In 42 BCE the city famously gave its name to the battle which saw Mark Antony and Octavian gain revenge on Julius Caesar's assassins, Brutus and Cassius. The battle had involved the largest number of troops in Roman warfare up to that point. 19 legions of 110,000 men on the Triumvirate side faced 17 Republican legions of 90,000 men, and the result was 40,000 casualties and another nail in the coffin of the Republic.

公元前 42 年，这座城市因马克·安东尼和屋大维向刺杀尤利乌斯·凯撒的刺客布鲁图斯和卡西乌斯复仇的一场战役而得名。这场战斗是迄今为止罗马战争中军队人数最多的一次。三巨头一方的19个军团共11万人面对17个共和国军团共9万人，结果是4万人伤亡，共和国的棺材上又钉上了一颗钉子。

Philippi then became a Roman colony settled by army veterans and produced its own coinage. When Octavian defeated Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, the city received another influx of new residents, this time settlers who had lost their land during reforms in Italy. From 27 BCE the city gained the honorary title of Colonia Iulia Augusta Philippensis.

腓立比随后成为退伍军人定居的罗马殖民地，并生产自己的货币。公元前31年，屋大维在阿克提姆战役（亚克兴战役）中击败了马克·安东尼，该城又有新的居民涌入，这次是在意大利改革中失去土地的定居者。从公元前27年起，该城获得了Colonia Iulia Augusta Philippensis的荣誉称号。

The first Christian church in Europe was founded at Philippi (built on top of a tomb of a Hellenistic hero) which had become an important early Christian centre following a visit to the city by Paul the Apostle in 49 CE. Lydia was notable as the first European to be baptized there. In the following centuries Philippi flourished and benefitted from an extensive building programme. In Late Antiquity Philippi was a prominent city in the Eastern Empire and an episcopal seat. Once more the city's urban landscape evolved to include large churches, towered buildings, and new city walls.

欧洲第一座基督教教堂建于腓立比（建在一位希腊化时代的英雄的坟墓顶上），在使徒保罗于公元49年访问该城之后，该城成为重要的早期基督教中心。吕底亚是第一个在那里受洗的欧洲人，这一点值得注意。在接下来的几个世纪里，腓立比繁荣并受益于广泛的建筑计划。在古代晚期，腓立比是东罗马帝国的一座著名城市和主教所在地。这座城市的城市景观再次演变为包括大型教堂、高耸的塔楼和新城墙。

考古遗迹

Portions of the city's fortifications, built by Philip and employing large marble blocks, are still visible today. The walls originally encircled the city and joined the nearby hill which protrudes from Mt. Orvelos. The ancient fortified acropolis was built on top of this hill and a square tower from the Byzantine period, built during the reign of Justinian I (527 to 565 CE), still stands there. The city's outer fortifications had square towers built at intervals and gates gave access to the city, three of which survive today. The eastern Naples Gate, which led to the port of Neapolis, has a tower on each side.

这座城市的部分防御工事是由马其顿的腓力二世采用大型大理石块建造的，至今仍然清晰可见。城墙最初环绕着城市，并与附近从奥维洛斯山突出的山丘相连。这座山顶上建有古老的防御卫城，查士丁尼一世统治时期（公元 527 年至 565 年）建造的拜占庭时期的方塔至今仍矗立在那里。城市的外围防御工事每隔一段距离就建有方形塔楼，并有通往城市的大门，其中三座至今仍存。东部的那不勒斯门通向纳波利斯港，两侧各有一座塔楼。

The 4th-century BCE theatre built by Philip II, one of the largest built in Greece, has been excavated and been partially reconstructed. The forum, built around a central square, can be seen today, as can four support pillars of its basilica (Basilica B) built c. 550 CE and which had three aisles and a dome. A curiosity is the so-called 'cell of St. Paul' where it is claimed the apostle was imprisoned but it is, in fact, an old water cistern which was subsequently converted into a cult shrine. On the other side of the via Egnatia, opposite the forum and reached by a monumental staircase, was another basilica (known simply as Basilica A) which was constructed in the 5th century CE. Measuring 130 x 50 metres and having three aisles, it was the largest basilica built in that period.

公元前4世纪由腓力二世建造的剧院，是希腊最大的剧院之一，已被挖掘并部分重建。今天可以看到围绕中央广场建造的论坛，以及建于公元550年的大教堂（Basilica B）的四根支撑柱，它有三个过道和一个穹顶。令人好奇的是所谓的“圣保罗牢房”，据说使徒曾被囚禁在那里，但事实上，它是一个古老的蓄水池，后来被改造成一个崇拜的圣地。在艾格纳提亚大道的另一边，广场对面，通过一个巨大的楼梯即可到达，是另一座建于公元 5 世纪的大教堂（简称为大教堂 A）。它的尺寸为130×50米，有三个过道，是那个时期建造的最大的大教堂。

Finally, the small first Christian church has a surviving mosaic floor with an inscription indicating that the church was dedicated to St. Paul. The church was replaced by a larger octagonal one, built on the same site c. 400 CE. This new building had a double colonnade inside and a pyramid roof but was altered some 50 years later to take on a square form. The area around the church was made into an enclosure with stoas (colonnaded halls), accommodation for pilgrims, a large two-storey bishopric building for priests, and a monumental gate leading to the via Egnatia.

最后，这座小型的欧洲第一座基督教教堂有一块现存的马赛克地板，上面的铭文表明该教堂是献给圣保罗的。教堂被一个更大的八角形教堂所取代，该教堂大约于公元400年建在同一地点。这座新的建筑内部有一个双柱廊和一个金字塔形屋顶，但在大约50年后被改建成了方形。堂周围的区域被围成一个围墙，内有柱廊（柱廊）、朝圣者的住处、一座供牧师使用的大型两层主教大楼，以及通往艾格纳提亚大道的纪念性大门。