K400V2S05S2Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. 

Sciences/ecology

bird population / cattle and buffalo / grazing animals

保护区鸟类数量下降

①In the late 1970s, bird populations were found to be declining in India’s Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Rajasthan. ②Grazing cattle and buffalo were the suspected culprits: they were entering the preserve in sufficient numbers to disrupt what was believed to be an otherwise balanced ecosystem. ③Accordingly, grazing was banned in Bharatpur. ④Yet by the mid-1980s, studies found that bird diversity within the preserve had declined further since the ban, and it continued to plummet. ⑤The absence of grazing animals, it turns out, had disturbed the park’s ecology. ⑥Weed species were taking over wetlands and choking canals, thereby reducing the fish populations that had once attracted so many birds, and avian species then went elsewhere in search of more suitable nesting places.

1970 年代后期，印度拉贾斯坦邦的巴拉特普尔鸟类保护区的鸟类数量正在下降。牛被认为是罪魁祸首：它们进入保护区破坏了原本被认为是平衡的生态系统。 因此，巴拉特普尔禁止放牧。 然而，到 1980 年代中期，研究发现保护区内的鸟类多样性自禁令以来进一步下降，并且继续直线下降。 事实证明，食草动物的缺失扰乱了公园的生态。 杂草占据了湿地并堵塞了运河，从而减少了曾经吸引如此多鸟类的鱼，鸟类就到其他地方寻找更合适的筑巢地了。

1. The passage suggests which of the following about the “fish populations”?

细节题 推断题 易

B

A. They were more diverse in the late 1970s than observers recognized at the time. 没有提及1970s研究者认为的鱼类种类。

B. They were more adversely affected by the growth of vegetation after the ban on grazing than by avian predation. 符合

C. They required a habitat that could not be sustained without measures to limit animal grazing. 它们需要一个没有动物放牧的限制措施就无法维持的栖息地。这句话不太像人话。其实就是鱼类栖息地需要有放牧限制。相反。有限制就有多余的草，鱼也不好活。

D. They proliferated following changes to Bharatpur’s ecosystem introduced by the ban on grazing. 相反。

E. They migrated to habitats that were inhospitable to grazing cattle and buffalo. 没有证据。

2. Which of the following statements, if true, would best explain the changes in "Weed species"?

细节题 加强题 易

提供额外的证据可以加强。

C

A. The species were not native to Bharatpur but spread rapidly once they were introduced. 没有证据。不知道是不是外来物种。

B. The species had been kept in check by the large avian populations that once nested in Bharatpur. 草被鸟控制。没有证据

C. The species were among the preferred forage plants grazed on by cattle and buffalo. 可以。

D. The species were necessary for maintaining suitable habitats for fish populations in Bharatpur's wetlands. 相反。

E. The species were unable to tolerate changing water conditions in the canals of Bharatpur. 没有water conditions的证据 

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage

Arts/history

Ringstrasse / working class / political federalism / middle classes / 

维也纳的环形大道

①Vienna's Ringstrasse district, erected between 1860 and 1890 amidst the sedate structures of the old imperial capital, was conceived during an era of marked political federalism, in part as a monument to the working classes. ②In this carefully plotted redevelopment, planners concentrated a complex of boldly designed buildings−museums, theaters, government buildings−and expensive apartments for the newly affluent middle classes. ③Conspicuously missing from this model city-within-a-city, however, was any place designed specifically for use by the industrial workers to whom it was nominally dedicated.

①Not surprisingly, then, the Ringstrasse was from its beginning a subject of controversy. ②Historian Heinrich Friedjung viewed the redevelopment as proof that power had finally passed from aristocracy to the bourgeoisie. ③His contemporary, architect Adolph Loos, saw the Ringstrasse not as a symbol of a fuller life for the ascendant middle classes, but as a false front, screening the hypocrisy of a society whose dedication to its working classes was only superficial.

建于 1860 年至 1890 年间，位于旧帝国首都的沉闷建筑中的维也纳环形大道，被视为政治联邦制时代工人阶级的纪念碑。在这个精心策划的重建项目中，规划者设计了一个大胆的建筑群——博物馆、剧院、政府大楼——以及为新兴的中产阶级提供的昂贵公寓。然而，在这个模范城中城中，明显缺少的是他们声称专门供工人使用而设计的地方。

毫不奇怪，环形大道从一开始就颇具争议。历史学家海因里希·弗里德容（Heinrich Friedjung）将重建视为权力最终从贵族手中转移到中产阶级手中的证据。与他同时代的建筑师阿道夫·卢斯（Adolph Loos）并不认为环形大道是上升中产阶级更充实生活的象征，而是作为一个虚假的表面，掩饰了一个只是表面上尊重工人阶级的社会的虚伪。

3. According to the passage, which of the following inconsistencies formed the basis of Adolph Loos's objections to the Ringstrasse district?

细节题 易

AL认为环形大道是虚伪的，在文中找到表现这种虚伪的证据即可。来自一段最后一句。

B

A. Though nominally intended for use by the working classes, the Ringstrasse was in fact available only to the old imperial aristocracy. 后半句没有证据。

B. Though the Ringstrasse was nominally dedicated to the working classes, their interests were not reflected in its design. 确实

C. Though superficially attractive, the Ringstrasse had a distinct element of tawdriness. 没有tawdriness的证据

D. Though constructed in the midst of the old imperial capital, the Ringstrasse served as an unfortunate symbol of the ascendancy of the bourgeoisie. 相反

E. Though well intentioned in its political aims, the Ringstrasse redevelopment was too small to effect any real change in Viennese society. 没有证据

4. Which of the following statements about the redevelopment of the Ringstrasse district can be inferred from the passage?

细节题 推断题 易

D

A. It provoked controversy between architectural traditionalists and architectural innovators. 没有这个controversy的证据

B. It provoked controversy between political liberals and political aristocracy. 没有证据

C. Its artificiality alienated both the working classes and the aristocracy. 没有证据

D. It did not include residences that were affordable for industrial workers of the time. 符合

E. It did not represent a marked stylistic departure from the city's older buildings. 没有证据

5. The author of the passage most probably cites Heinrich Friedjung in order to

功能题 目的题 易

二段的两个人都是为了说明环形大道的争议性的。HF是正方。

C

A. present the view of the Ringstrasse held by the Viennese working classes 没有证据。不知道他是否能够代表工人阶级。

B. provide support for the interpretation of the Ringstrasse that prevails today 没有prevails today的证据

C. help illustrate the divergence of nineteenth-century opinions about the Ringstrasse 符合

D. argue for the idea that architecture can be discussed in symbolic terms 没有证据

E. demonstrate the fact that historians engage in debate as often as do architects 没有证据

生词摘录：

tawdriness 庸俗，俗丽而不值钱

背景拓展：

Question 6 is based on this passage

Sciences

enbargo / fungus / fruit

水果禁运防止真菌传播

Partha’s five-year-old embargo on the importation of fruit from Vallone was intended to keep a fungus from being accidentally brought into Partha. The fungus was nevertheless discovered to be present in Partha about a year ago. At about that time, it was also discovered in neighboring Morland. Clearly, what must have happened is that Vallonean fruit exporters circumvented the embargo by exporting fruit to Morland and then reexporting it from there to Partha. 

P五年不从 Vallone 进口水果为了防止真菌被意外带入 。 然而大约一年前，人们还是在P发现这种真菌。 大约在那个时候，旁边的M也有真菌。 显然，一定是瓦隆尼水果出口商绕过禁运，将水果出口到Morland，然后再从那里出口到Partha。

6. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

逻辑单题 逻辑反对 易

有他因。M搞不好还是P传染的呢。

B

A. Morland’s annual crop fruit is just large enough to support its own domestic marker adequately. 也就是想说，M自己种的水果刚够吃，自己水果不出口。那又不影响从V来的水果出口。不能削弱。

B. The fungus colonies discovered in Partha and in Morland with a distinct strain that has never been found to occur in Vallone. 你这俩地儿的真菌都跟我V没关系啊。可以削弱

C. The yields from Vallonean fruit crops have been well below normal in the last two years because of unexpected late frosts. 自己收成少了，就不能出口了么。不能削弱。

D. The fungus had been only a minor nuisance in Vallone until Vallone’s Great Valley was converted, about ten years ago, into a major fruit-growing area. 你想表达什么。。

E. Partha’s embargo on Vallonean fruit was put in place after Parthan fruit growers had suffered losses because of accidentally imported insect pests. 禁令在P遭受虫灾之后生效。那跟我V也没关系咯。

Questions 7 to 9 are based on this passage

Sciences/geology

erosion and deposition / surface water / faint yound Sun paradox / greenhouse gases

太古时期温室气体使地球表面有液态水

①The Isua rock formations in southwestern Greenland, which formed 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago, include a variety of sedimentary rocks, which are records of erosion and deposition by surface water. ②Their testimony to abundant water at Earth's surface 3.8 billion years ago would seem to be at odds with models of stellar evolution, which predict that our Sun, a yellow dwarf star, would have been about 30% less luminous than it is today. ③With so much less incoming solar energy, any water on Earth should have been frozen. ④This is the faint young Sun paradox first recognized by astrophysicist Carl Sagan in 1972. ⑤Although there have been many creative proposals about how to reconcile this apparent contradiction between astrophysical theory and the rock record, the prevailing view is that an atmosphere dominated by greenhouse gases could have compensated for the dimmer Sun and made the early Earth's climate clement enough to keep ancient rivers rolling down to an open sea. ⑥Based on the atmospheres of neighboring Venus and Mars--the lingering breath of volcanoes--carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor are likely to have been the primary heat-trapping gases, although methane, ethane, nitrogen, ammonia, and other compounds may also have acted as additional blankets that kept the Archean world warm.

格陵兰岛西南部的伊苏阿岩层形成于 38 至 37 亿年前，包括各种沉积岩，是地表水侵蚀和沉积的记录。它们表明 38 亿年前地球表面有大量的水似乎与恒星演化模型不一致，因为当时我们的太阳，一颗黄矮星，比今天的亮度要低 30%。由于传入的太阳能如此之少，地球上的任何水都应该被冻结。这就是 1972 年天体物理学家卡尔·萨根首次发现的弱太阳悖论。尽管有很多可以调和天体物理学理论与岩石记录之间明显矛盾的创见，但普遍的观点是，大气层中的温室气体可能补偿了较暗的太阳，并使早期地球的气候变得温暖，足以让古老的河流流向大海。根据邻近的金星和火星的大气——火山长期的喷发——二氧化碳（CO2）和水蒸气可能是主要的温室气体，尽管甲烷、乙烷、氮气、氨和其他化合物同时使太古宙世界保持温暖。

7. The passage is primarily concerned with

功能题 主旨题 易

文章在讨论地球早期在太阳能量不足的时候地球表面是否可能有地表水。属于现象解释类文章。

C

A. chronicling a long-standing debate within the scientific community 没有chronicling的证据

B. discussing new evidence that challenges a widely accepted scientific theory 不是驳论文，没有反驳什么观点

C. presenting a possible explanation for an apparent scientific inconsistency 符合

D. evaluating two popular arguments aimed at settling an important scientific dispute 没有two popular的证据

E. illustrating how a recent observation has sparked a new scientific debate 没有recent和new debate的证据

8. The reference to “erosion and deposition by surface water” serves to 

功能题 目的题 难

给出现象产生的原因，解释这些石层是怎么产生的。

E

A. underscore the extent of time required for the Isua rock formations to take shape 没有time的证据

B. justify a contested date for the formation of certain geological features in Greenland 没有date的证据

C. explain the process by which sedimentary and other classes of rocks are formed 强干扰项。解释不了other classes of rocks.只能解释sedimentary

D. emphasize that the formation of the Isua rocks was influenced more by subtractive processes than by additive ones 强调伊苏瓦岩的形成更多地受到减法作用的影响，而不是加法作用的影响。没有证据

E. describe an empirical finding that supports a claim about surface temperatures on Earth 3.8 billion years ago 符合。整篇文章都在论述当时地球应该足够温暖从而有液态水的存在。

9. The author's assertion in the final sentence about "carbon dioxide" (CO2) and water vapor" relies on which of the following assumptions?

细节题 加强题 易

D

A. The rates at which CO2 and water vapor were released into the atmosphere 3.8 billion years ago were comparable. 这两种气体释放的速率一不一致无所谓。

B. Methane and other compounds trap as much heat as CO2 and water vapor. 能不能够吸收相同的热量也无所谓。只要能吸收足够热量就行了。

C. Volcanic activity is the exclusive source of CO2 and water vapor in planetary atmospheres. 这个不一定。只要有这些气体就行了，不一定非得是来自火山。

D. The composition of Earth's atmosphere 3.8 to 3.7 billion years ago was similar to that of its neighboring planets. 这个需要，不然就不能类比了~

E. There are significant continuities between the Earth's present atmosphere and its atmosphere 3.8 to 3.7 million years ago.  跟现在大气没关系。

生词摘录：

clement /ˈklemənt/

温暖的，温和的；仁慈的，宽厚的