自我决定理论：增强内驱力的3大基本需求

First comes autonomy. 

首先是自主需求

We desire to have the freedom of making our own choices and not be forced to do something we don’t want. 

我们渴望拥有做出自己选择的自由，而不需要被迫去做我们不想做的事情。

Second is competence.

第二是胜任需求

We want to feel that we have the skills required to do the work ourselves, and not be confronted with tasks that we don’t understand.

我们希望感到自己拥有独立完成工作所需的技能，而不是被迫面对我们根本不理解的任务。

Third is connection.

第三是归属需求

We want to experience a sense of belonging, of being needed, and not feel useless or like an outsider. 

我们希望感受到归属感、被需要的感觉，而不是觉得自己没用或像个局外人。

We can think of motivation ranging from “non-self-determined to self-determined.” On the left we have amotivation, in the center extrinsic motivation, and on the right intrinsic motivation.

In terms of quality they range from lower forms to higher forms. Along this spectrum are, according to self determination theory, 6 distinct types,

我们可以认为动机的范围是“从非自我决定到自我决定”，左边是缺乏动机，中间是外在动机，右边是内在动机。

就质量而言，它们的形式由低级到高级。根据自我决定理论，

沿着这个谱系有6种不同的类型

amotivation

缺乏动机

extrinsic motivation: externally regulated.

外在动机：外部调节。

extrinsic motivation: introjected regulation.

外在动机：内摄调节。

extrinsic motivation: regulation through identification

外在动机：认同调节。

extrinsic motivation: integrated regulation.

外在动机：整合调节。

intrinsic motivation

内在动机

Now we speak of intrinsic motivation. Regardless of where we are along the spectrum, we all have complex human minds with changing interests and conflicting desires. Doing one thing, we may feel fully motivated — autonomous, competent and connected. But then, the next day, life gets in the way and robs us of our three basic needs — we feel nothing but amotivation.

无论我们在光谱上处于什么位置，我们都有复杂的人类思维，有不断变化的兴趣和相互冲突的欲望。在做一件事时，我们可能会感到有充足的动力，有自主感、胜任感和归属感。但是，第二天，我们的三种基本需求却又突然消失，我们感到毫无动力。

To regain your self-determination, you might want to take a break, seek a change in environment or connect with other people. Self-determination theory was developed by the two American psychologists, Richard Ryan and Edward Deci, in the 1970s. More recent research points to some cultural differences. Many American students' seem to learn to outcompete others. When Chinese study hard, it’s often because they feel guilty if they do not meet expectations. 

要想重获自我决定，你可能需要休息一下，寻求环境的改变或与他人交流。自我决定理论是由美国两位心理学家理查德·瑞安和爱德华·德西在1970年代提出的。而最近的一些研究指出了一些文化上的差异，许多美国学生学习似乎是为了超越他人，而中国学生努力学习往往是因为如果他们没有满足期望，就会感到内疚。

On the interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, Deci said: “Sure, money motivates, but that’s not the point. The point is that while money is motivating people, it is also undermining their intrinsic motivation. ”

关于外在动机和内在动机之间的相互作用。德西说，“当然，金钱可以激励人，但这不是重点，重点是，在金钱激励人们的同时，也破坏了他们的内在动机”。