维多利亚3开发日志#38 | 3/17 贸易路线和关税
牧游社 牧有汉化翻译
Dev Diary #38 – Trade Routes & Tariffs
PDJR_Alastorn, QA Manager - PDS Red - Victoria 3 and CK3
If money is the sinews of war, then trade is the lifeblood of nations and in no period is this truer than the Victorian Era. Victoria 3 takes place in a period of time where the nations of the world pushed this concept further than before, through a period of industrialization and growing interconnectivity of first homelands and colonies and then among nation-states themselves. The trade routes on the map connecting our nations became the fabric that underpins many of the understandings of our modern world today.
如果说金钱是战争的筋骨，那么贸易Trade就是国家的命脉，没有哪个时期比维多利亚时代更真实地体现这一点。维多利亚3发生在世界各国比以往更进一步推动贸易这一概念的时期，通过工业化来推动贸易，以及建立各地区日益增长的相互联系来推动贸易——先是在本土和殖民地之间，然后是在民族国家之间。地图上连接各国的贸易路线成为我们今天对现代世界的许多理解的线索。
But what is trade? It may seem obvious to some but to better understand the systems we need to make sure we understand the foundations they are built upon. Thus, trade is understood to be the movement of goods between two markets as a means of commercial transaction so that the other party is effectively paid for their services. Trade is not conducted between businesses and/or nations but is instead conducted through their national markets and by proxy their trade centers. While this may not seem a meaningful distinction, the market and economy of a nation is not synonymous with its national government; while that government may attempt to influence the economy it does not always have an absolute degree of control over it. Thus the trade that goes on in your market is something that you can influence and encourage (or discourage if you like) but never fully control (unless you are the only nation in existence I guess?).
但什么是贸易？对一些人来说，这可能是显而易见的，但为了更好地理解这一系统，我们需要确保理解贸易建立的基础。我们理解的贸易，就是货物在两个市场之间的流动，作为商业交易的一种手段，从而使另一方的服务得到有效支付。贸易不是在企业或国家之间进行的，而是通过国家市场和代理其贸易中心来进行的。虽然这似乎不是一个有意义的区分，一个国家的市场和经济并不是其国家政府的同义词——虽然政府可能试图影响经济，但并不总是对其有绝对程度的控制。因此，在你的市场上进行的贸易是你可以影响和鼓励（或阻止，如果你喜欢）的，但永远不会完全控制它们（除非你是唯一存在的国家，我猜？）。
While trade takes place between national markets at the behest of players and AI, it is conducted in the trade centers of those respective countries. Trade centers function similarly to urban centers, talked about in a previous dev diary. These are not buildings that are constructed manually but develop as a result of their engaging in trade routes as they are representative of the many gray areas of industry that necessitate the collection and movement of goods.
贸易是在玩家和AI的要求下在国家市场之间进行的，它是在这些国家的贸易中心Trade Center进行的。贸易中心的功能类似于之前的开发日志中谈到的城市中心。这些建筑不是玩家手动建造的，而是由于它们参与贸易路线而发展起来的，因为它们代表了许多需要集中和运输货物的灰色工业领域。
If you were to create an import route of goods for your industries, a resulting level of trade centers would develop within your nation. While urban centers tend to develop where you have placed many industrial buildings, trade centers develop in the market capitals and the ports of your nation. While you cannot paint the placement of trace centers outright, you can influence their development by creating ports in states that are naturally suited to such, where infrastructure and pops are readily available to staff them.
如果你要为你的工业创造一条进口商品的路线，那么在你的国家内会发展出一个相应级别的贸易中心。城市中心倾向于在你建造了许多工业建筑的地方发展，而贸易中心则会在你国家的市场首都和港口发展。虽然你不能直接决定贸易中心的位置，但你可以通过在那些天然适合建立港口的地区建立港口来影响贸易中心的发展，因为那里的基础设施和人口都可以随时为它们提供服务。
Where there is a port and people, there is likely to be trade, and hopefully profit!有港口和人的地方，就可能有贸易，甚至有利润！
Yes, trade centers must be staffed. Goods do not just appear in one nation from the next but require the maintenance of bureaucrats, laborers, clerks, and the like to offload and onload cargo, take account of it, tax it, and move it forward. These are for the most part privately owned enterprises that normally have capitalists in charge, instead of government run services. Without pops staffing your trade centers you will find yourself unable to conduct trade in accordance with your aspirations but that shouldn’t be too hard to manage as trade centers have also been historically known to be centers of migration, the first stop of migrants both domestic and international seeking a better life and sometimes finding it.
是的，贸易中心必须有工作人员。货物不只是从一个国家到另一个国家，而是需要官僚、劳工、职员等人员的维护，需要他们来装货、卸货、对其记账、对其征税，并推动贸易继续进行。这些大部分是私有企业，通常由资本家负责，而不是由政府管理的服务。如果你的贸易中心没有员工，你会发现将无法按照你的愿望进行贸易，但这应该不难处理，因为贸易中心在历史上也是众所周知的移民中心，是国内和国际移民寻求更好生活的第一站，他们不时会在这里找到更好的生活。
All the goods moving to and from New York means it's easier for Pops to hitch a ride.所有货物从进出纽约意味着人口更容易搭上顺风车。
Trade centers collect revenue on both sides of the routes they manage, in relation to how many goods are moved and how much the routes affect the prices in their respective markets. This revenue is allocated to the employees and taxed by the same logic as any industry, so who makes money off your trade is related to your domestic policies in the same way as the rest of your economy.
贸易中心在其管理的贸易路线的两个方向（进口与出口）获得收入，收入与货物量和贸易路线对各自市场价格的影响程度相关。这些收入会分配给雇员，并按照与其他行业相同的逻辑来征税。所以会谁从你的贸易中赚钱与你的国内政策有关，就像你经济中的其他方面一样。
While trade is something every nation can take a part of, how they affect trade in relation to conducting it efficiently, preventing it when it hurts them, or profiting off of it when they can is dependent upon its trade policies, which also dictate how a nation can utiize embargoes and tariffs to achieve such. Yes that’s right, I said tariffs, cue historical excitement of the fanbase.
虽然贸易是每个国家都可以参与的事情，但他们如何影响贸易——具体而言，他们如何有效地开展贸易、在贸易不利于他们时阻止这一贸易、通过贸易政策来获利，这都取决于贸易政策，贸易政策决定了一个国家如何利用禁运和关税来实现上述事情。是的，没错，我说的就是关税Tariffs，这肯定碰到了粉丝们的历史G点。
Where at first there was one law category, now there are two!一开始只有一个法律类别，现在有了两个！
We've done a little restructuring of the economic laws in Victoria 3 since we wrote the Law dev diary, where originally your economic system affected both your domestic and international situations. It has been broken into economic systems which now cover the domestic economy, and trade policy which covers your international endeavors. As such trade policy governs how you interact with a customs union, your ability to set embargoes and tariffs, as well as the general efficiency of your conducted trade.
在我们完成了法律的开发日志后，我们对维多利亚3的经济法律做了一些调整，原先你的经济体系同时影响你的国内和国际形势。现在它已被分成涵盖国内经济的经济体制，以及涵盖国际的贸易政策。贸易政策制约着你与关税同盟的互动、你设置禁运和关税的能力，以及你进行贸易的一般效率。
The Trade Policy laws are broken down into the four categories of ideology relative to the time period which interact with each of the economic systems you can put into place domestically.贸易政策依据时间段被分为四类意识形态，这些意识形态与你可以在国内建立的每一个经济体系相互作用。
Embargos represent the ability of a national government to extend its influence in protecting its national market and subsequent interests. Most, if not all nations can engage in embargoing a good but their effectiveness of doing such is dependent upon the trade policy the national government is centered around. A government centered around the ideas of protectionism has an easier time implementing a more efficient embargo on goods vs those that are committed to a more mercantilism or free trade policy. Notice I said influence, not authority there? While it costs authority to enact taxes domestically it costs influence to place embargos as whether or not they are able to be enforced is dependent upon your ability to influence other nations to respect them. Refusing to make fair trade deals will strain your diplomatic corp.
禁运代表了国家政府使用自身的影响力Influence保护国内市场以及相关利益的能力。最重要的是，虽然绝大部分国家都可以实行禁运，但具体的效果取决于国家政府采用的贸易政策。采用保护主义理念的政府相比注重重商主义或者自由贸易政策的政府，能够较轻松地实行更有效的禁运。注意到我说的是影响力而不是权威力Authority了吗？在国内征税需要消耗权威力，而实行禁运就要靠你让其他国家接受这些禁运的能力了。拒绝制定公平的贸易协议会让你的外交团队不堪重负。
Protectionism means that not only are embargoes easier to maintain, they are also more efficient.保护主义不仅意味着禁运更容易维持，也会让禁运更加有效。
And now for the potentially more controversial statement, embargoes are not absolute. Sure you may embargo trade of a specific good into your country but that's not going to stop it outright, only hinder the ease of its trade. Another nation might try and continue to push goods into your country but it will certainly require more of an effort to facilitate such, it all depends. In history there's certainly something we can agree upon, embargoing something, making it illegal, or hindering its trade reduces the flow of the good but does not stop it outright if there is a vested interest by another nation and a profit to be made.
现在就要说一个可能更有争议性的表述了，禁运不是绝对的。当然你可以禁止通过贸易让某种商品进入你的国内，但也没法完全阻止它，只能在贸易上设置障碍。另一个国家可能会尝试继续让商品进入你的国家，但就要付出更多的努力了，这都取决于具体情况。历史上我们肯定能在某些地方达成共识，比如禁运某个东西，让它非法化，或者阻碍贸易来降低商品的流动性，但如果另一个国家在这上边有既得利益，还指着能赚上一笔的话，也不会完全不能贸易。
Tariffs are the means where a national government extends its influence as an intermediary in the trade between national markets, if not for the means of protecting its national interests, to at the very least ensure it gets its fair share of the profits that such entails. Tariffs are set on both exports and imports leaving the national economy because yes the government is interested in its fair share and if it cannot get the revenue by means of a consumption tax it will find other means. The ratio of this tariff level is dependent on the trade policy set. A more mercantilist trade policy would seek to ensure exports exceed imports so tariffs on exports will undoubtedly be lower. Protectionism is equal in its ratio as it seeks to shelter the domestic economy from booming or busting on either side of the equation. Free Trade, well free trade cares not for tariffs and seeks to profit through other means.
关税意味着国家政府使用自身的影响力来作为国家市场之间贸易的中介，如果不是出于保护本国利益的目的，那至少也是确保能从贸易中抽走自己的那一份利润。关税是加在国民经济的出口和进口上的，因为——是的，政府对于自己的那一份非常感兴趣，如果没法通过消费税从利润中抽成，就得动用其他手段了。关税等级的比例取决于设定的贸易政策。更偏向重商主义的贸易政策会试图确保出口超过进口，所以出口关税就毫无疑问会低一些。保护主义在税率上就是一样的了，因为它会试图在方程的两端采取措施来保证国内经济不会过热或过冷。自由贸易的话，自由贸易就不管什么关税了，而是会试图从其他地方谋利。
While the laws set the tariff ratio of import/exports these can be customized further in the budget screen by setting their tax levels. Tax levels don’t just bring in revenues but offer incentives to your economic actors, your pops. Lower tariffs encourage trade while higher tariffs will hinder their efficiency because well if the nation is getting a bigger cut, how motivated can you expect the pop to be in engaging in such trade?
尽管法律设定进出口关税的比例，但它们可以通过在预算界面设置税率水平来进一步调整。税率水平不仅仅只是带来收益，而是会给你的经济活动者，也就是你的Pop提供动机。低关税会鼓励贸易，而高关税会影响贸易效率，因为如果大头都被国家抽走了，你能指望Pop有多大动力进行这种贸易呢？
A higher tariff means minimizing the profit to be had by business and disincentivizing trade.高关税意味着企业本来可以拿到的利润变少了，从而减少了进行贸易的动机。
So how do treaty ports play into these systems, as they certainly existed during the time period? Treaty ports are a means to ensure that you have access to a national market despite such embargoes and tariffs. They are a wedge in the barriers to trade another nation may put up so the goods may be funneled out of the market. Treaty ports have the special function that they permit the bypassing of embargoes and tariffs set in land adjacent markets through trading. They are a more permanent means of opening the market to your access but in the same vein also require a more permanent investment. Since treaty ports are first and foremost ports they will certainly become trade centers and will require the infrastructure and staffing to function. As you invest in this profitable endeavor, be aware that you will need to protect such from the eyes of other imperialist nations who might seek to take it away from you.
那么通商口岸Treaty Ports要怎么在这个系统中处理呢？毕竟那个时候确实有这种东西。通商口岸是用于确保你能在有禁运和关税的情况下还能进入某个国家市场的手段。它们是其他国家的贸易壁垒上打进去的一个楔子，这样商品就能通过这里离开市场。通商口岸的特殊功能是，它们允许通过贸易来绕过陆地上相邻市场设置的禁运和关税。它们是一种让市场为你开放的比较永久的方式，代价则是需要一些永久性投资。因为通商口岸首先是个港口，基本上它们就会成为贸易中心，也会需要基础设施和雇员来正常工作。当你投资这有利可图的事业时，注意你也需要好好保护它，其他帝国主义国家也许会试图把这里抢走。
At game start Portugal finds itself holding the Treaty Port of Macao, a very profitable trade endeavor, but will such profits attract the attention of greater powers?游戏开始时葡萄牙拥有澳门这一通商口岸，贸易上非常有利可图，但这利润是否会吸引更大强权的注意呢？
How do Customs unions come into play here? If you recall from the previous developer diary, customs unions are an agreement between one or more nations where one nation agrees to subject itself to another's national market. By agreeing to subject your national market to another nation you are agreeing to take on the structure set into place by their economic system and policies. While you are still able to enact trade between that national market and another you lose the ability to set embargoes on specific goods and tariff policies across the market, though you do receive your contributing share of the profit of such tariffs. Sometimes this development can be beneficial, sometimes it can majorly hurt your national sources of income, as the previous dev diary goes to great length to summarize "it depends."
关税同盟在这里要怎么处理呢？如果你还记得上一篇开发日志是怎么说的，关税同盟是两个（译注：原文疑似有误，一个国家怎么关税同盟）或更多国家之间设立的协定，其中一个国家同意从属于另一个国家的国家市场。同意让你的国家市场从属于另一个国家，意味着你要同意接受他们的经济体系和政策所建立的结构。虽然你还可以在该国家市场和其他国家市场之间进行贸易，但你会失去在市场上对特定商品进行禁运或设置关税政策的能力，不过要是有关税的话，还是会根据你的贡献分给你一些利润的。有时候这种发展是有利可图的，有时候却会重创你的国家的收入来源，就像上一期开发日志里边长篇大论的一样，总结一下就是“要看实际情况”。
And that's a bit about trade, tariffs, and more! I may not have succeeded in delivering a concise explanation this time but it's certainly a shorter one. Next week is going to be the Kaiser himself (Johan Jons) to talk about Shipping Lanes. I'll let the fanbase craft their own conspiracy theories about whether or not we are being literal with that one.
这就是关于贸易，关税以及其他的内容了！我这次或许还是没能成功写出“清晰明了的解释”，但比起上一次还是短多了。下周就要有请我们的凯撒（Johan Jons）本人来说一说航线Shipping Lanes。大家可以尽情提出一些关于我们说的到底是不是字面意义上那样的阴谋论。
翻译：铿尔舍瑟 AntiAccess
校对：三等文官猹中堂
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