（文章翻译）拜占庭兵役、军事土地和士兵的地位：当前的问题和解释（第二部分）

Military Service, Military Lands, and the Status of Soldiers: Current Problems and Interpretations Author(s): John Haldon
敦巴顿橡树园论文，1993 年
翻译：神尾智代

III. THE DEBATE ON THE SO-CALLED THEME SYSTEM

三、 关于所谓主题系统的争论

There are two aspects to the problems we have discussed: the origins of the so-called theme system itself; and the ways in which soldiers were recruited, and the connection that has been postulated by some historians between these and the themata themselves. With the exception of one or two specific problems, the former is probably the most easily summarized and involves the least number of technical textual problems, and so I will deal with this first. I will then examine the systems of recruitment, which remain still the focus of considerable disagreement, and last I will examine the implications of all this for the social position and status of soldiers and "the military" in general in the Byzantine world at different times.

          我们所讨论的问题有两个方面：所谓主题系统本身的起源；以及招募士兵的方式，以及一些历史学家所假设的这些与主题本身之间的联系。除了一两个具体问题，前者可能是最容易总结的，涉及的技术文本问题最少，所以我先处理这个。然后我将检查招募系统，这仍然是相当大的分歧的焦点，最后我将检查所有这些对拜占庭世界不同时期士兵和“军队”的社会地位和地位的影响 .

It is generally agreed that the word thema meant originally simply army, applied to the forces of the commanders-in-chief (or magistri militum) of the late Roman field armies (those of Oriens, Armenia, the praesental field forces or Obsequium, and Thrace, together with the rump of the Justinianic Quaestura exercitus, which formed a naval division referred to until the later seventh century as the Karabisianoi, or ship troops).'6 Its origins are disputed, but the most likely root is from the verb tithemi, to set down or, by derivation and extension, establish, an argument put forward by D61lger in 1955, and referring to the fact that the armies in question were withdrawn into Asia Minor shortly after 636-637, in which year Roman attempts to reestablish their position in Syria and Palestine were finally shattered at the battle of the Yarmuk.'7 The Greek versions of these Latin divisional names became standard and are those which can be recognized as the Anatolikon, Armeniakon, Opsikion, Thrakesion, and Karabisianoi, as mentioned. The actual process of withdrawal, which appears to have followed the defeat at the Yarmuk in 636, probably took place from about 637 to 640. There is evidence that the process was rather carefully organized in regard to the logistical demands of the divisions, which were thus withdrawn in relation to the potential and extent of the districts which they came to occupy to support them adequately. This last point will be relevant when we consider the ways in which the state came to maintain its forces in the second half of the seventh century and afterward.

          人们普遍同意，thema 这个词最初的意思只是军队，适用于已故罗马野战军（Oriens、亚美尼亚、praesental 野战部队或 Obsequium，以及色雷斯，连同查士丁尼的 Quaestura exercitus 的臀部，组成了一个海军师，直到 7 世纪后期被称为 Karabisianoi，或船队。”6 它的起源有争议，但最可能的词根来自动词tithemi ，确定或通过推导和扩展建立，D61lger 在 1955 年提出的一个论点，并指的是有问题的军队在 636-637 年之后不久撤回小亚细亚，在这一年罗马试图重建他们在叙利亚和巴勒斯坦的地位最终在 Yarmuk 战役中被打破。 '7 这些拉丁分区名称的希腊语版本成为标准，可以识别为 Anatolikon、Armeniakon、Opsikion、如前所述，Thrakesion 和 Karabisianoi。实际撤退过程似乎是在 636 年雅尔穆克战败之后发生的，可能发生在大约 637 年到 640 年之间。因此，考虑到他们为了充分支持他们而占领的地区的潜力和范围，他们撤回了。当我们考虑国家在 7 世纪下半叶及之后维持其力量的方式时，最后一点将是相关的。

But it seems that already by the 670s and perhaps earlier an identity had developed between the names of the armies so withdrawn by Heraclius and the districts occupied by the said armies, so that the group of provinces occupied by a given army came to be referred to by the name of that army. Thus the names of the armies were applied to the districts over which they were spread, and a new set of territorial descriptive terms enters the medieval Greek language. But it is very important to say that, as far as I can tell, this hardly affected the administration of those regions. The older civil eparchiai or provinces continue to exist well into the eighth century and, as I have argued at greater length elsewhere, some significant aspects of the late Roman civil administrative apparatus survived until the early ninth century, when it was replaced, whether in stages or a single act, by the emperors of the period up to and including the 840s.

          但似乎在 670 年代或更早的时候，赫拉克略如此撤出的军队名称与上述军队占领的地区之间已经形成了同一性，因此特定军队占领的省份集团开始被称为 以那支军队的名义。 因此，军队的名称被应用于它们所分布的地区，并且一套新的领土描述术语进入了中世纪的希腊语。 但是很重要的一点是，据我所知，这几乎不影响这些地区的管理。 旧的民政总区或行省一直存在到 8 世纪，正如我在其他地方更详细地讨论过的那样，晚期罗马民政管理机构的一些重要方面一直存在，直到 9 世纪初，它被取代，无论是分阶段 或一个单一的行为，由直到 840 年代（包括 840 年代）的皇帝执行。

The point is that the traditional view of the themata as military districts headed by a generalissimo with supreme authority, both civil and military, is strictly true only for thesecond half of the ninth and some of the tenth century. Until the abolition or phasingout of the older civil structures between roughly the 780s and 830s, the strategos was thehead of the thema, but in a qualified way, for he was concerned chiefly with the mosteffective way of supporting and reproducing the provincial armies.

          关键是，将统战区视为由具有最高民事和军事权威的大元帅领导的军区的传统观点仅在 9 世纪下半叶和 10 世纪部分时间才完全正确。 在大约 780 年代和 830 年代之间废除或逐步淘汰旧的土木结构之前，战略家是thema 的首领，但以一种合格的方式，因为他主要关心支持和再生产省级军队的最有效方式。

Even after the changes which had occurred by the 840s, evidenced partly in the so-called Taktikon Uspenskij, thematic generals remained to a degree independent only as far as purely military matters went. And this is, I think, the nub of the matter: their exalted position in the source and eighth centuries mirrors both the increased importance of armies in the period after the beginning of the Muslim conquests as well as the bias and interests of the sources themselves, which could hardly avoid the political-military matter of everyday life. But the evidence, when examined carefully, actually says very little about the real power and authority of such officers, at least until the ninth and tenth centuries; and then it is clear that their authority was supreme primarily in military affairs, or matters related to the maintenance of the armies-the preparations for war, production of weapons, organizing of supplies and livestock for the troops, and so on. Whether the strategoi were ever actually involved in anything more than a very general overseeing capacity in civil affairs remains unclear for lack of evidence. But I suspect they had little to do with this side of the running of their group of provinces，or thema.

          即使在 840 年代发生的变化之后（部分体现在所谓的 Taktikon Uspenskij 中），主题将军仍然在一定程度上保持独立，仅就纯军事事务而言。我认为，这就是问题的关键：他们在源头和八世纪的崇高地位既反映了穆斯林征服开始后军队重要性的增加，也反映了源头本身的偏见和利益。 ，这几乎无法避免日常生活中的政治军事问题。但是，经过仔细审查，这些证据实际上几乎没有说明这些官员的真正权力和权威，至少在 9 世纪和 10 世纪之前是这样；然后很明显，他们的权力主要是在军事事务或与军队维护有关的事务上最高的——战争准备、武器生产、军队供应和牲畜的组织等等。由于缺乏证据，这些战略人员是否真的参与过非常普遍的民事监督能力以外的任何事情，目前尚不清楚。但我怀疑他们与他们的省份或主题集团的运行的这一方面关系不大。

This is borne out to an extent by the recent work of Kaegi, who has suggested very plausibly that in the last months of the Roman effort to retain control over districts in northern Syria, Mesopotamia, and Palestine the emperor Heraclius was forced to replace a number of governing officials with officers of a more clearly military competence, both to preserve central authority and prevent local separatism or separate treaty negotiations with Muslim leaders, and the better to organize defensive operations to preserve what was left of Roman territory. There is no evidence that these were exarchlike plenipotentiaries, however, but rather that Heraclius was replacing civil (and some military?) personnel who had proved unreliable in the crisis. Kaegi notes that Arabic sources mention officers dispatched to take charge of regions referred to as the Ajnad (early Muslim military provinces) of Damascus, Emesa, and Palestine;20 and as I have also recently suggested, modifying and extending a line of argument first elaborated by Irfan Shahid, these were districts established by the conquerors on the preexisting pattern of the older ducatus limitaneorum established in the same areas (probably somewhat restructured under Heraclius, but carrying on essentially the same functions as before).21 It is highly likely, following Kaegi's reasoning, that the magistri militum in com-mand of the various forces which were withdrawn into Anatolia were granted similar powers, and for much the same reasons, and that the origins (and the change in the terms used to describe them, from stratelates or magister militum to strategos) of their later authority as general governors is to be found in the officially recognized but still some-what ad hoc arrangements adopted by the imperial government at this time.

          凯基最近的工作在一定程度上证实了这一点，他非常有说服力地表明，在罗马努力保持对叙利亚北部、美索不达米亚和巴勒斯坦地区的控制权的最后几个月里，赫拉克略皇帝被迫更换了一些管理官员的官员具有更明确的军事能力，既要维护中央权力，又可以防止地方分离主义或与穆斯林领导人单独谈判条约，并更好地组织防御行动以保护剩余的罗马领土。然而，没有证据表明这些人是主教般的全权代表，而是表明赫拉克略正在取代在危机中被证明不可靠的文职（和一些军事？）人员。 Kaegi 指出，阿拉伯消息来源提到被派遣负责被称为大马士革、埃梅萨和巴勒斯坦的 Ajnad（早期穆斯林军事省份）地区的军官；并且正如我最近所建议的那样，修改和扩展了首先阐述的论点伊尔凡·沙希德 (Irfan Shahid) 所著，这些地区是征服者根据在同一地区建立的旧 ducatus limitaneorum 的先前存在模式建立的地区（可能在 Heraclius 统治下进行了一些重组，但功能与以前基本相同）。 很有可能，如下Kaegi 的推理，指挥撤退到安纳托利亚的各种部队的魔导师军被授予类似的权力，并且出于相同的原因，并且起源（以及用于描述它们的术语的变化，来自战略或 magister militum to strategos）他们后来作为总督的权威可以在官方认可但仍然有点特殊的 arra 中找到当时的朝廷所采用的法令。

The theme system thus came into being as armies were billeted across Asia Minor, in the first instance, through a process by which civil administration was subordinated to military priorities and interests, and by which the groups of provinces occupied by each of the late Roman field armies came collectively to be known by the name of that army. The civil administration, modified in various ways, especially in respect of fiscal administration, which was the state's overriding interest,22 subsisted in an increasingly altered form until, in the early ninth century, probably, the state introduced a series of measures to update the thematic administration and recognize the nature and form of the changes which had taken place.

          因此，主题系统应运而生，因为军队在小亚细亚各地驻扎，首先是通过这样一个过程，在这个过程中，民政从属于军事优先事项和利益，以及罗马晚期每个领域所占据的行省群。 军队统称为那支军队。 以各种方式修改的民政管理，特别是在作为国家压倒一切利益的财政管理方面， 以不断变化的形式存在，直到 9 世纪初，国家很可能采取了一系列措施来更新 主题管理，并承认已发生变化的性质和形式。

预告：IV. THE STATE AND ITS ARMIES-A CRISIS OF RESOURCES

四、 国家及其军队——资源危机

未完待续