TTC【双语字幕版】：西方文明的基础（S01E20：罗马-从共和国到帝国）

Tiberius Gracchus (d. 133)

Gaius Gracchus (d. 121)

• progressive and conservative Romans were in dispute as to how to settle veterans. Gracchus were perceived to buy the support of those soldiers by giving them tracts of land.
• 133 B.C. When he himself tried to stand for the tribunate for a second consecutive year, Tiberius Gracchus was murdered; the first political bloodshed
• 121 B.C. When Gaius Gracchus carried on with his brother's plans, he and 250 of his allies were murdered by Senatorial agents.

Optimates: "the best people"

Populares: "the popular element"

Gaius Marius 157-86 B.C. Novus Homo, "new man" whose family has not held office previously

• 107 B.C. Marius elected consul; took over the Numidian campaign;
• professionalized military
• 90 B.C. Rome's allies in Italy, the socci, rebelled; Social War (90-88 B.C.)

Sulla, Roman Optimate, 138-78 B.C.

• Sulla marched on Rome and massacred Marius's followers

Pompey 106-48 B.C.

Julius Caesar 100-44 B.C.

Crassus 115-53 B.C.

• 60 B.C. Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus form the First Triumvirate

• 53 B.C. Death of Crassus
• 49 B.C. End of Caesar's command in Gaul

• 49 B.C. Caesar crosses the Rubicon
• 49-45 B.C. Civil War
• 44 B.C. Murder of Caesar
• November, 43 B.C. Second Triumvirate: Marcus Antonius, Octavian, and Lepidus