Lesson 14 A noble gangster 贵族歹徒

·单词（单词出现次数的数据来源为【不背单词】App，引用的时间是2023年10月）

gangster (title) n.    歹徒,强盗【0】【0】

    ·gang n.    （青少年的）帮派，团伙；犯罪团伙

    ·the Gang of Four    四人帮

        ·Hi, gang.    大家好。/你们好。

Chicago n.    芝加哥(美国城市)【22】【12】

protection n.    保护【50】【55】

promptly adv.    准时地；立即，马上【6】【6】

    ·She arrived promptly at ten.    她十点钟准时抵达

    ·She arrived punctually at ten.    adv. 准时地，如期地

    ·She arrived at ten sharp.    adv. 正点，准时(用于表时间的词语后，表示准时)

    ·An ambulance was promptly dispatched to the area.    一辆救护车立刻被派往该地区

    ·a prompt/punctual start    一个准时的出发    adj. 迅速的，立刻的/准时的，守时的

        ·Staff should be prompt in dealing with complaints.    员工应及时处理投诉

            ·dealing with    处理，对待 

    ·The drowning child was saved by Dick's ____ action.

        A) acute    adj.    急性的(疾病)

        B) alert    adj.    机警的(看门的狗或者哨兵)

        C) profound    adj.    立即的，迅速的

        D) prompt    adj.    深刻的，深邃的

destroy v.    毁掉;消灭【31】【32】

remarkable adj.    不寻常的【14】【13】

    ·a remarkable feat    非凡的功绩

    ·a remarkable achievement    非凡的成就

    ·be remarkable for ...    因为属性特征而变的非凡

        ·He is remarkable for his memory.    他的记忆力出众

        ·可替换 extraordinary adj.    非凡的，卓越的

            ·her extraordinary beauty    她非凡的美丽

            ·Nelson Mandela is a truly extraordinary man.    纳尔逊·曼德拉是一个真正非凡的人

        ·可替换 exceptional adj.    卓越的，杰出的

            ·The child had shown exceptional courage.    这孩子表现出了非凡的勇气

            ·Her scores are quite exceptional.    她的成绩相当出色

band n.    帮,团伙【7】【6】

Florence n.    佛罗伦萨(意大利城市)【4】【4】

city-state n.    (古代)城邦【0】【0】

hire v.    雇佣，租用；租出，雇给【67】【57】

    ·表示雇佣，租用：hire ... from ...    从 ... 雇来了/租来了 ... = rent ... from ...

    ·租出，雇给：hire (out) ... to ...    把 ... 租出/雇给 ... = rent (out) ... to ...

        ·A hires/rents (out) B to C    A把B租给了C

        ·C hires/rents B from A    C从A租来了B

prince n.    君主,诸侯【4】【8】

Florentine n.    佛罗伦萨人【0】【0】

funeral n.    葬礼【5】【3】

dedicate v.    奉献，题献给【6】【14】

    ·dedicate/devote ... to ...    把 ... 奉献给 ...

        ·He has dedicated himself to scientific research.    他为了科学研究献出了自己一生的精力

        ·After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening.    退休后，他将致力于园艺

        ·易混搭配：sacrifice ... for ...    为 ... 而牺牲

    ·dedicated to my beloved wife    仅以此书献给我心爱的妻子

    ·dedicated adj.    专心致志的，献身的 

        ·A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it.

            ·bargain n. 便宜货

            ·hunter n.    猎人

            ·bargain hunter    寻找便宜货物的购物者

memory n.    纪念(对死者的追忆)【96】【77】

    ·in memory of ...    纪念(死者)

    ·to the memory of    纪念(死者)

        ·The monument was built in memory of/to the memory of all the soldiers who died in the war.    这座纪念碑是为了纪念所有在战争中牺牲的士兵而建造的

    ·commemorate v.    纪念，用以纪念

        ·A statue has been built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the poet's birthday.    为纪念这位诗人诞辰100周年，建造了一座雕像

valiant adj.    英勇的【0】【0】

·课文原文

    There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’. If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining ‘protection money’ is not a modern crime. As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.

    Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.

·参考译文

    曾经有一个时期,芝加哥的店主和商行的老板们不得不拿出大笔的钱给歹徒以换取“保护”。如果交款不及时,歹徒们就会很快捣毁他的商店,让他破产。榨取“保护金”并不是一种现代的罪恶行径。早在14世纪,英国人约翰·霍克伍德就有过非凡的发现:人们情愿拿出大笔的钱,也不愿毕生的心血毁于歹徒之手。

    600年前,约翰·霍克伍德爵士带着一队士兵来到意大利，在佛罗伦萨附近驻扎下来，很快就出了名。意大利人叫他乔凡尼·阿库托。每次意大利各城邦之间打仗,霍克伍德便把他的士兵雇佣给愿给他出高价的君主。和平时期,当生意萧条时,霍克伍德便带领士兵进入某个城邦,纵火烧毁一两个农场,然后提出,如向他们缴纳保护金,他们便主动撤离。霍克伍德用这种方法挣了大笔钱。尽管如此,意大利人还是把他视作某种英雄。他80岁那年死去时，佛罗伦萨人为他举行了国葬，并为他画像以纪念这位“骁勇无比的战士、杰出的领袖乔凡尼·阿库托先生”。

·课文讲解

There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’.

    ·There was a time when ... = once    当时，曾经(暗示现在不这么样了)

        ·There was a time when I was down and out.    曾经有一段时间我穷困潦倒

    ·there are times when ... = sometimes    有时候

        ·There are times when even the tiger sleeps.    老虎也有睡觉的时候

        ·There are times when silence has the loudest voice.    有时候，沉默是最响亮的声音

        ·There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service.    有时候，我们愿意付出我们所拥有的一切来挽救我们的生命，然而，我们可能会因为外科医生为我们提供这种服务而不愿支付高昂的费用

    ·there are rare instances when ... = occasionally    偶尔，在个别情况下

        ·There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.    在极少数情况下,正义几乎不再是一个抽象的概念

            ·cease to do    停止做某事：不再继续进行某项活动或行为

            ·练习造句：在个别情况下，爱国主义(patriotism)不在是一个空洞的口号(an empty slogan)。

                ·There are rare instances when patriotism ceases to be an empty slogan.

    ·business n.    公司(可数)；商业(不可数)；生意(不可数)

        ·A recent case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiancé, John, runs a successful furniture business.    最近的一个案例与简·布特林有关，她的未婚夫约翰经营着一家成功的家具企业

        ·... put a man out of business ...    使一个人破产了

        ·..., when business was bad, ...    当生意不好的时候

        ·He has done a lot of business here in Beijing.    他在北京这里做了很多生意

    ·pay large sums of money    支付大笔的钱

        ·sum of money    一笔钱

        ·large sums of money    一大笔钱

        ·make large sums of money    赚了大笔的钱

        ·He earned enormous sums of money ...    他赚了海量的钱

            ·earn enormous sums of money    海量的钱

    ·in return for ...    以 换取/报答 ...

        ·America helped the rebels in return for their promise to support democracy.    美国帮助叛军以换取他们支持民主的承诺

        ·He is always willing to help people out, without expecting anything in return.    他总是乐于助人，不求任何回报(知道后面要换取什么东西，所以 for 和后面的宾语就没有了)

        ·与之类似的：in exchange for ...

            ·They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.    他们以工作换取食物和住所

        ·与之类似的：in compensation for ...    作为补偿；作为赔偿

            ·She received $10,000 in compensation for her injuries at work.    她因工伤得到了1万美元的赔偿

        ·用介词 in 表示目的

            ·in memory of ...    以追忆死者

            ·in honor of ...    以纪念/敬意 ...

                ·The college was named in honor of George Washington.    这所学院是以乔治·华盛顿的名字命名的

                ·a banquet in honor of the president    为总统举行的宴会

                    ·banquet n.    盛宴，国宴

            ·in appreciation of ...    以感激/感谢 ...

                ·I sent him a gift in appreciation of his help.    我寄给他一个礼物以感谢他的帮助

            ·in recongnition of ...    以表彰 ...

                ·He was awarded one of the ‘Ten Outstanding Young Persons' in recognition of his significant achievements.    他被授予“十大杰出青年”之一，以表彰他的重大成就  

If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop.

    ·protection money n.    保护费

    ·put sb. out of business    使某人破产 = make sb. broke/bankrupt

        ·put sb. out of work    使某人失业

            ·The changing economic conditions have put many people out of work.    不断变化的经济状况使许多人失业

    ·I am out of patience.    我没耐心了

    ·I am out of anger.    我已经出离愤怒了

    ·The TV is out of repair.    这台电视机已经没法修了

Obtaining ‘protection money’ is not a modern crime.

    ·extort sth.    勒索某物(宾语必须是物品)    

        ·Gangster used to extort money from local businessmen.    歹徒过去常向当地商人勒索钱财

        ·blackmail sb.    敲诈某人(宾语必须是人)

            ·Someone was trying to blackmail him with pictures of him and his mistress.    有人想用他和他情妇的照片勒索他

As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.

    ·as 引导时间状语

    ·that 作同位语从句

    ·as long ago as ...    早在 ... 就 ... = as early as ...

    ·练习造句：早在公元前十五世纪，这座庙宇就被当做礼拜的场所。

        ·As long ago as the 15th century BC, the temple was used as a place of worship.

    ·Sir + 名词，意为爵士

        ·Sir Winston Churchill    温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士 

            ·Sir Winston    温斯顿爵士(Sir + 名字)

            ·Mr. Churchill    丘吉尔先生(Mr. + 姓氏)

        ·Lord Byron    拜伦勋爵(贵族)

    ·would rather/sooner do than do    宁愿做第一个，也不愿做第二个(暗含这俩我都不想做)

        ·prefer to do rather than do    更愿意做前者，而不愿做后者(两个可能都不错，但第一个更好)

        ·prefer doing to doing    宁愿做某事，也不愿做某事

        ·would rather/sooner (that) ...    虚拟语气(如果 would rather 后加从句需要用虚拟语气)

            ·I'd rather (than) Susan were her now.    我真希望 Susan 在这里就好了

    ·have sth. done    请人做某事/某人不愉快的经历

        ·He had his watch stolen.    他的手表被偷了

        ·King Charles I had his head cut off.    查理一世被砍头了

Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence.

    ·settle v.    定居；殖民

        ·settle down    定居下来，不在漂泊，过安稳日子(暗示娶妻生子)；安静下来

            ·They'd like to see their daughter settle down, get married, and have kids.    他们希望看到自己的女儿安定下来，结婚生子

            ·Assuming that his family had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down in a village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.    汉斯以为他的家人都在空袭中丧生了，就在50英里外的一个村子里定居下来，从此一直住在那里

    ·练习造句：早在1984年，我就随父母到了北京，并在天坛(the Temple of Heaven)附近定居了下来。

        ·As long ago as 1984, I arrived in Beijing with my parents and setted near the Temple of Heaven.

He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto.

    ·made a name for oneself    给某人制造一个名声(成名了，出名了)

        ·Ge You first made a name for himself in the movie 'Wan Zhu'.    葛优因电影《万主》而成名

        ·become famous overnight    快速出名，一夜成名

            ·With the success of their first record, they became famous overnight.    随着第一张唱片的成功，他们一夜成名

        ·rise to fame    出名，成名

            ·Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old.    在门多萨只有14岁的时侯，他在一场拳击比赛后迅速成名

        ·make (the) headlines/hit the headlines    (事情)满城风雨，人尽皆知

            ·The 911 terrorist attack made (the) headlines/hit the headlines around the world.    911恐怖袭击成为世界各地的头条新闻

    ·came to do    逐渐的，慢慢的开始 ...

    ·A be known to B as ...    B 把 A 称为 ...

        ·He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.

    ·练习造句：中国人把李白称为诗仙(poet immortal)

        ·Li Bai is known to Chinese as 'poet-immortal'.

    ·造句练习：篮球运动员 Earyin Johnson 迅速出名了，并且美国人开始把他成为 “魔术师约翰逊”。

        ·Basketball player Earying Johnson made a name for himself and came to be known to the Americans as 'Magician Johnson'.

Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.

    ·whenever 引导让步状语从句

    ·who 引导定语从句

    ·(which/that) he demanded 定语从句

    ·be at war with ...    与某国交战/处于战争状态

        ·China had been at war with Japan for 8 years.

        ·declare war on ...    向某国宣战

            ·The Chinese government has declared war on offical corruption.

        ·wage war on ...    向 ... 发动战争

            ·We continually wage war on them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our crops.    我们不断地向它们宣战，因为它们污染我们的食物，传播疾病，吞噬我们的庄稼

In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.

    ·in time of peace 引导时间状语

    ·when 引导定语从句，修饰 time of peace

    ·if 引导条件状语从句

        ·只要 ... 就 ...

            ·provided (that) ...

            ·providing (that) ...

            ·as/so long as ...

                ·'So long as there's something to identify, we will give people their money back,' said a spokeswoman for the Bank.    英国央行发言人说，只要有什么东西需要确认，我们就会把钱退给人们

            ·on condition (that) ...

        ·只有 ... 才 ...    only if ...

            ·She will go only if Peter goes.

            ·Only if Peter goes will she go.    only 放句首，后面加状语，部分倒装

    ·Business is bad/slow/slack.    生意不景气

    ·Business is good/booming.    生意很好

    ·one's men    某人的士兵

        ·The general commanded his men to fire.    将军命令他手下的士兵开火

        ·subordinate n.    公司里的下级，下属

    ·march n.    开拔，行军

        ·Long March    长征

    ·练习造句：早在20世纪30年代，红军就完成了伟大的长征，在这期间他们走过了25，000里。

        ·在这期间

            ·A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles.    一周前，他成功地完成了一次26英里的陆上飞行

        ·As long ago as the 1930's, the Red Army had completed the successful Long March during which they covered 25,000 li.

            ·1930's 的这个 's 指复数

    ·offer to do    主动提出做某事

        ·与之类似：volunteer to do ...

            ·Jill volunteered to go with me to the hospital.    吉尔主动提出和我一起去医院

Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero.

    ·In spite of this    尽管如此

When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.

    ·when 引导时间状语从句

    ·which 引导定语从句，修饰前面的 picture

    ·Only the good die young.    好人不长命

    ·gave v. 举行

        ·..., the Florentines held a state funeral for him.    佛罗伦萨人为他举行了国葬

    ·与国有关的

        · a state funeral    国葬

        ·a state visit    国事访问

        ·a state banquet    国宴

        ·state affairs    国家大事

        ·the State Council    国务院

    ·练习造句:当罗纳德·里根在93岁去世时，美国人为他举行了一次国葬，并请人塑了一尊塑像以纪念这位伟大的总统。

        ·When Ronald Reagan died at the age of 93, the Americans gave him a state funeral and had a statue built which was dedicated to the memory of the great president.

·高级作文句子要领

Sentence opening is very important to create sentence variety.    句子开头对于创造句子的多样性是非常重要的

1、复合句为主，简单句作为点缀和过渡。

2、句式多变，尤其句首切忌雷同。

    1）无灵主语开头，复合句。There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’. 2）条件状语从句开头，复合句。If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. 3）无灵主语开头，简单句。Obtaining ‘protection money’ is not a modern crime.4）介词短语作时间状语开头，复合句。As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.

    1）副词短语作时间状语开头，复合句。Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. 2）主谓结构开头，复合句。He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. 3）让步状语从句开头，复合句。Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. 4）介词短语作时间状语开头，复合句。In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. 5）主谓结构开头，简单句。Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way.6）介词短语作让步状语开头，简单句。In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. 7）时间状语从句开头，复合句。When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.