【简译】罗马多姆斯（Domus，家宅）

The Roman domus was much more than a place of dwelling for a Roman familia. It also served as a place of business and a religious center for worship. The size of a domus could range from a very small house to a luxurious mansion. In some cases, one domus took up an entire city-block, while more commonly, there were up to 8 domus per insula (city-block). All domus were free-standing structures. Some were constructed like modern-day townhouses with common walls between them, while others were detached.

          罗马多姆斯（家宅）不仅仅指罗马家庭的居所。它也是一个商业场所和家庭宗教礼拜地。府邸的规模从很小的房子到豪华的宅邸不等。在某些情况下，一个罗马多姆斯（家宅）会占据了整个城市街区，而更常见的情况是，每个insula（城市街区）最多有 8个罗马多姆斯（家宅）。所有的府邸都是独立的建筑。有些结构类似于现代的联排别墅，它们之间有共同的墙壁，而有些则是独立的。  

Because safety was a primary concern in ancient Rome, domus did not face the streets. Similarly, there were rarely outside-facing windows for this reason, but most domus did have two front rooms open to the street. Some families ran their own stores from these rooms, while others leased them out to others.

          在古罗马，安全是最重要的考虑因素，因此住宅都不面向街道。同样，由于这个原因，也很少有面向外面的窗户，但大多数府邸都有两间面向街道的前厅。一些家庭在这些房间里经营自己的商店，有些家庭会将其出租给他人。

The domus included multiple rooms, indoor courtyards, gardens, and beautifully painted walls.

           罗马多姆斯（家宅）一般包括多个房间、室内庭院、花园和精美的彩绘墙。

Atrium: The atrium was the central hall, almost like a modern-day foyer, and it was the most conspicuous room in a Roman domus. It was open at the roof, which let in light and air for circulation, and also allowed rainwater for drinking and washing to collect in the impluvium, a small draining pool in the middle of the atrium. Cisterns were also located throughout the domus to collect rainwater, which acted as the primary water supply in the absence of running water.

中庭（Atrium）：中庭是中央大厅，几乎就像现代的门厅，也是罗马宅邸中最显眼的区域。中庭的屋顶是敞开的，可以透光和流通空气，还可以将饮用和洗涤用的雨水收集到中庭中间的排水池中。穹顶各处还设有收集雨水的蓄水池，在没有自来水的情况下，雨水是主要的供水来源。

The atrium was one of the most richly decorated rooms in the domus. For one, symbols of the family's wealth and hereditary power were present, in addition to imagines, wax representations of the family's ancestors. Paintings and mosaics were also commonplace, and many examples of these have been preserved in houses from Pompeii.

          中庭是宅邸中装饰最华丽的房间之一。首先，除了家族祖先的蜡像外，还有家族财富和世袭权力的象征。绘画和马赛克也很常见，庞贝古城的房屋中保存了许多这样的例子。

Finally, before a funeral, the body of the deceased was displayed in the atrium with his/her feet always pointed toward the door. The body was then viewed by family and friends.

          在葬礼之前，死者的遗体会被摆放在中庭，其双脚始终朝向门口。然后，亲朋好友可以瞻仰遗容。

Lararium (household shrine): Honoring the household gods was an important part of daily life for Romans. Each domus contained a lararium, or shrine, in the atrium, which was where offerings were left for the household gods (the Lares), spirits of the ancestors, and spirits of the underworld.

拉拉瑞姆（Lararium，供奉家神拉雷斯的小神龛）：敬奉家神是罗马人日常生活的重要组成部分。每个居所的中庭都有一个拉拉瑞姆（Lararium），供奉家神（拉雷斯）、祖先的灵魂和地狱的灵魂。

Tablinum (office): Roman men often conducted business out of their domus from a home office known as the tablinum. It was also the room where clients would go to meet their patron for the salutatio, a formal renewal of their patron-client relationship.

Tablinum（办公场所）：罗马人通常在自己的居所外设立一个名为“Tablinum”的家庭办公室来开展业务。这也是客户与老板会面的房间，以正式延续老板与客户之间的关系。

Triclinium (dining room): Dinner parties were very popular in ancient Rome. These were held in the triclinium, which translates to “three couch room” because it had three couches arranged in a U-shape. While eating, Romans reclined on these couches and they always dined barefoot. There were no fixed tables in the Roman triclinium; food was served on portable tables, sometimes by a high-ranking slave.

Triclinium（卧躺餐厅）： 晚宴在古罗马非常流行。这些聚会都在Triclinium（卧躺餐厅）举行，Triclinium的意思是“三个沙发的房间”，因为它有三个呈 U 形排列的沙发。用餐时，罗马人躺在这些沙发上，他们总是赤脚用餐。罗马人的三人厅没有固定的桌子，食物都放在便携式桌子上，有时由一名高级奴隶端上。

Communal dinner parties and public banquets were very common in the Roman world, and helped to strengthen social ties within the city.

          社区聚餐和公共宴会在罗马世界非常普遍，这有助于加强城市内部的社会联系。

Hortus (garden): Unlike most modern gardens, the Roman hortus was located at the back of the domus. Peristyle gardens with walkways to access other rooms in the house were also very common. When the weather was nice, the garden may have been used for dining and socializing or as a place for Roman children to play.

花园（Hortus）： 与大多数现代花园不同，罗马人的花园位于住宅的后面。带有通往其他房间走道的围廊式花园也很常见。天气好的时候，花园可能用于就餐与社交，也可作为罗马儿童玩耍的地方。

原文网址: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/77/the-roman-domus/