passage 3 科学体系社会构建
★★★☆
文章分析：
①Many cultural anthropologists have come to reject the scientific framework of empiricism that dominated the field until the 1970s and now regard all scientific knowledge as socially constructed. ②They argue that information about cultures during the empiricist era typically came from anthropologists who brought with them a prepackaged set of conscious and unconscious biases. ③Cultural anthropology, according to the post-1970s critique, is unavoidably subjective, and the anthropologist should be explicit in acknowledging that fact. ④Anthropology should stop striving to build a better database about cultural behavior and should turn to developing a more humanistic interpretation of cultures. ⑤The new framework holds that it may be more enlightening to investigate the biases of earlier texts than to continue with empirical methodologies.
① v
↓
② v
↓
③ 代表作者观点
↓
④ v
↓
⑤ v
这里3⃣️4⃣️也可以认为是转折。
文章信息矩阵：
c. anthrop. emp.
1970s
socially cons. emp.
bias
subjective
explicit database
humanistic
new framwk
invstg. bias emp.
1. The author implies which of the following about most cultural anthropologists working prior to the 1970s? 细节推断，until作为时间终点是常见考点
A. They argued that scientific knowledge was socially constructed. 相反
B. They were explicit in acknowledging the biases inherent in scientific investigation. 无关/相反
C. They regarded scientific knowledgeas consisting of empirical truths. 符合
D. They shared the same conscious and unconscious biases. 没有证据，他们有偏见是不错，但谁知道他们的偏见一不一样呢。特别注意这种非常鸡贼的选项设置
E. They acknowledged the need for a new scientific framework. 无关/相反
2. According to the passage, “many cultural anthropologists” today would agree that anthropologists should 细节+态度，只要找到主要观点就好做
A. build a better, less subjective database about cultural behavior 相反
B. strive to improve the empirical methodologies used until the 1970s 相反
C. reject the notion that scientific knowledge is socially constructed 相反
D. turn to examining older anthropological texts for unacknowledged biases 符合，应该去调查一下之前干的事对不对，而不是继续沿用之前的干，对应最后一句
E. integrate humanistic interpretations with empirical methodologies 没有证据/RE
文化人类学（cultural anthropology）是人类学的一个分支学科。它研究人类各民族创造的文化，以揭示人类文化的本质。使用考古学、人种志、人种学、民俗学、语言学的方法、概念、资料，对全世界不同民族作出描述和分析。
这个学科分支将文化视为有意义的科学概念。它主要在研究比较人类各个社会或部落的文化，借此找出人类文化的特殊现象和通则性。不同于研究对象类似的社会学，文化人类学的研究对象大多是弱势族群和少数团体，以及较为蛮荒的部落。而研究方式大都注重“质”而非“量”，现象的观察多是“特例”而非“通识”。
‘Social’ and ‘cultural’ anthropology overlap to a considerable extent. There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, although there are differences of emphasis. Very broadly, the term ‘cultural anthropology’ relates to an approach – particularly prominent in the US and associated with the work of pioneers such as Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict – which stresses the coherence of cultures, including their rules of behaviour, language, material creations and ideas about the world – and the need to understand each in its own terms. ‘Social anthropology’ on the other hand has mainly developed within Britain since the early years of the 20th century. Historically, it has been heavily influenced by intellectual traditions coming from continental Europe, especially from France. Its tendency is to emphasise social institutions and their interrelationships. It has gone through many theoretical shifts over the past hundred years, but its emphasis, like that of cultural anthropology, is still on what has been called the ‘deep structure’ of social relations in a particular society: the organising principles of social life that may govern individual behaviour but may also, under some circumstances, be challenged and break down. Here, we will refer to ‘social anthropology’ to include both.
Social anthropologists conduct their research in many ways, but the method most characteristic of the discipline is that of fieldwork based on ‘participant observation’. This usually means spending a long period (a year or more) living as closely as possible with the community being studied; learning the language if necessary; sharing the activities of daily life; observing and participating in the texture of social interactions; and identifying underlying patterns. Through analysing this experience and exchanging ideas with members of the community, the anthropologist aims to gain a deep understanding of how the society works, including its inherent tensions and contradictions. Social anthropologists usually report their research in the form of ‘ethnographies’, which are detailed descriptions of the society in question, shaped and informed by the research questions the anthropologist has posed. Frequently, these questions change in the course of fieldwork, as growing knowledge reveals ever-deeper issues calling for investigation. With this deep knowledge of very local situations as their grounding, it is often possible for social anthropologists to make comparisons across societies, and draw out broader hypotheses about human life in society.
Many people think that social anthropologists exclusively study small-scale societies in ‘remote’ places. Many classic studies are indeed of this kind, and social anthropologists continue to carry out research in communities far from metropolitan centres. But it has been recognised for many years that the interactions between global patterns and local communities have complex effects that lend themselves to anthropological study; and also that the methods of anthropological enquiry are readily applied to sectors and components of industrial and post-industrial societies. Nowadays, social anthropologists are as likely to be found carrying out research in businesses, educational establishments, hospitals or public-sector bureaucracies, as in the more traditional ‘remote places’. The relationship between the social anthropologist and those he or she studies has also changed radically in recent years, moving from one of privileged observer to the ‘other’ being observed, towards something closer to a dialogue between equals.
Text written by: Hilary Callan
这篇文章就已经不太好懂了。真的想要读懂这篇文章，需要对文化人类学的研究方法有个大概的认知。考场上是很难做到的，会做题更重要。
更多内容可参考：
https://www.discoveranthropology.org.uk/
