【简译】引水渠（Aqueduct）

2022-10-23 11:51 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

In antiquity, aqueducts transported water from one place to another, achieving a regular and controlled supply to a place that would not otherwise have received sufficient quantities. Consequently, aqueducts met basic needs such as the irrigation of food crops and drinking fountains. Ancient aqueducts took the form of tunnels, surface channels and canals, covered clay pipes and monumental bridges.

在古代，人们修建引水渠将水从一个地方输送到另一个地方，实现了定期和可控的供水，缓解了部分地区水源不足的情况。因此，引水渠满足了当时人们的日常需求，如灌溉作物和饮水喷泉。古代引水渠的种类包括隧道、地表渠道和运河、有盖的粘土管和极为庞大的桥梁。

Ever since the human race has lived in communities and farmed the land, water management has been a key factor in the well-being and prosperity of a community. Settlements not immediately near a freshwater source dug shafts into underground water tables to create wells and cisterns were also created to collect rainwater so that it could be used at a later date. Underground aqueducts and those built as bridges on the surface, however, allowed communities not only to access clean and fresh water but to live further from a water source and to utilise land which would otherwise have been unusable for agriculture.

自从人类定居并耕种土地以来，水源一直是社区福祉和繁荣的一个关键因素。在没有紧邻淡水源的定居点，人们会在地下水位挖井，还修建了蓄水池来收集雨水，以便日后使用。然而，地下水道和那些在地表建造的桥梁，不仅使居住地能够获得清洁的淡水，而且人们还可以住在离水源更远的地方，并开发新的耕作土地。

最早的引水渠

The earliest and simplest aqueducts were constructed of lengths of inverted clay tiles and sometimes pipes which channelled water over a short distance and followed the contours of the land. The earliest examples of these date from the Minoan civilization on Crete in the early 2nd millennium BCE and from contemporary Mesopotamia. Aqueducts were also an important feature of Mycenaean settlements in the 14th century BCE, ensuring autonomy against siege for the acropolis of Mycenae and the fortifications at Tiryns.

最早和最简单的引水渠是由长长的、倒置的粘土瓦片（有时是管道）镶嵌建造的，它们将水引到短槽里，并沿着地上的沟渠流向远方。最早修建的引水渠可以追溯到公元前二千年早期克里特岛的米诺斯文明和美索不达米亚地区。引水渠也是公元前14世纪迈锡尼定居点的一个重要特征，它确保了迈锡尼卫城和蒂林斯防御工事的独立性。

费雷雷斯水道桥，又称魔鬼桥，是一座位于西班牙加泰隆尼亚塔拉哥纳附近的古罗马水道桥。这座桥梁曾是塔拉哥纳的供水系统，被列入世界文化遗产

美索不达米亚的引水渠

The first sophisticated long-distance canal systems for water supply were constructed in the Assyrian Empire in the 9th century BCE and incorporated tunnels several kilometres in length. These engineering feats permitted the aqueducts to be constructed in a more direct line between source and outlet. The Babylonians in the 8th century BCE also built extensive and sophisticated canal systems. In the 7th century BCE, a wide canal crossed a 280 m long bridge to bring water to Nineveh, and water was brought through a 537-metre tunnel to supply Jerusalem.

公元前9世纪，亚述帝国建造了第一个复杂的长距离供水运河系统，其中包括数公里长的隧道。这些工程系统使得水渠可以更直接地建造在源头与出口之间。公元前8世纪的巴比伦人也建造了庞大而复杂的运河系统。在公元前7世纪，一条宽阔的运河穿过280米长的桥，将水引入尼尼微，水通过537米长的隧道，供给耶路撒冷。

Another important innovation in water management was qanats. These probably originated from Persia (or perhaps Arabia) and were large underground galleries which collected groundwater. Tunnels at a lower level than the reservoir and often several kilometres in length then channelled off the water via the force of gravity. Such underground aqueducts as the Qanats were present throughout the ancient world from Egypt to China.

水输送方面的另一项重要创新是坎儿井。坎儿井可能起源于波斯（也可能起源于阿拉伯），是收集地下水的大型地下通道。在比水库更低的位置，通常有几公里长的隧道，通过重力将水引出。像坎儿井这样的地下水道系统在从埃及到中国的整个古代世界都有存在。

希腊水运输

The first Greek large-scale water management projects occurred in the 7th century BCE and were usually to supply communal drinking fountains. Both Samos and Athens were supplied by long-distance aqueducts from the 6th century BCE; the former was 2.5 km long and included the famous 1 km tunnel designed by Eupalinus of Megara. Pisistratus constructed an aqueduct of 15 to 25 cm wide ceramic pipes in the Ilissus valley, 8 km long.

希腊第一个大规模的水运输系统产生于公元前7世纪，为当时的城邦提供公共饮用水。从公元前6世纪开始，萨摩斯和雅典都修建了长距离的引水渠；前者长2.5公里，包括由梅加拉的Eupalinus设计的著名的1公里隧道。庇西特拉图在伊利索斯河谷建造了一条由15至25厘米宽的陶瓷管组成的水渠，长8公里。

In the 4th century BCE, Priene in Asia Minor had a similar system of underground pipes which followed an artificial ditch covered in stone slabs. 3rd-century BCE Syracuse benefitted from no fewer than three aqueducts and Hellenistic Pergamon, c. 200 BCE, had some of the most sophisticated water management structures known at that time.

公元前4世纪，小亚细亚的普里恩有一个类似的地下管道系统，它沿着一条用石板覆盖的人工沟渠将水输送四方。公元前3世纪的锡拉库扎受益于不少于三条水渠，公元前200年的希腊化时期的佩加蒙也拥有一些当时已知最复杂的水运输系统。

阶梯式隧道（公元前1200年）的内侧入口，该隧道下行18米到达地下水井。这口井通过一条石制水渠从城堡东边的一个泉眼处供水。（迈锡尼）

罗马引水渠

It is, however, the Romans who have rightly gained celebrity as the aqueduct builders par excellence. Hugely ambitious Roman engineering projects successfully mastered all kinds of difficult and dangerous terrain and made their magnificent arched aqueducts a common sight throughout the Roman Empire, supplying towns with water to meet not only basic needs but also those of large public Roman baths, decorative fountains (nymphaea) and private villas. Whilst most aqueducts continued to run along the surface and follow land contours wherever possible, the invention of the arch allowed for the construction of large-span structures, employing new materials such as concrete and waterproof cement, which could ignore unfavourable land features and draw the water along the straightest possible route along a regular gradient. Similarly, an increase in engineering expertise allowed for large-scale and deep tunnelling projects.

然而，罗马人作为卓越的水渠建造者，理所当然地赢得了名声。雄心勃勃的罗马工程项目成功地解决了各种困难和危险的地形问题，并使其宏伟的拱形水渠成为整个罗马帝国的常见景观。引水渠为城镇供水，不仅满足人们的日常需求，而且还满足了罗马大型公共浴室、装饰性喷泉（nymphaea）和私人别墅的需求。虽然大多数引水渠继续沿着地表修建，并尽可能地沿着土地轮廓修建，但拱门技术的发明允许人们建造大跨度的结构，他们采用新的材料，如混凝土和防水水泥，可以忽略不利的地形，并以最直的路线沿着规则的坡度引水。同样地，工程专业知识的增加使得大规模和深层的隧道工程能够实施。

Another innovation which allowed for aqueducts to cross valleys was the large-scale inverted siphon. These were made of clay or multiple lead pipes reinforced with stone blocks and with the force of gravity and pressure as the water ran down the valley the momentum gained could drive the water up the opposite side. Arched bridges running across the valley floor could lessen the height the water had to fall and more importantly, go up on its ascent. Stopcocks to manage pressure and regulate the water flow, storage reservoirs, settling tanks to extract sediment and mesh filters at outlets were other features of Roman aqueducts. Sometimes water was also 'freshened' by aerating it through a system of small cascades. Interestingly, Roman aqueducts were also protected by law and no agricultural activity was allowed near them in case of damage by ploughing and root growth. On the other hand, agriculture did benefit from aqueducts, as in many cases, run-off channels were created to provide water for land irrigation.

另一项允许引水渠跨越山谷的创新是大规模的倒虹吸管。这些管道是由粘土或多个铅管用石块加固而成的，当水从山谷中流下时，借助重力和压力，所获得的动力可以将水从对面冲上来。横跨谷底的拱桥可以减少水的下降高度。更重要的是，在其上升过程中，水会上升。管理压力和调节水流的止水栓、储水池、提取沉积物的沉淀池和出口处的网状过滤器是罗马引水渠的另一特征。有时，水也会被“更新”，人们通过修建一个小瀑布系统使其通气。有趣的是，罗马引水渠也受到法律的保护，它不允许在其附近进行农业活动，以防止耕作和作物根系生长破坏水渠地基。另一方面，农业从水渠中受益最多，因为在许多情况下，创建的径流渠道为土地灌溉提供水源。

The first aqueducts to serve Rome were the 16 km long Aqua Appia (312 BCE), the Anio Vetus (272-269 BCE) and the 91 km long Aqua Marcia (144-140 BCE). Steadily, the network increased and even created connections between aqueducts: the Aqua Tepula (126-125 BCE), Julia (33 BCE), Virgo (22-19 BCE), Alsietina (2 BCE), Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus (completed in 52 CE), Aqua Traiana (109 CE) and the Aqua Alexandrina (226 CE). Gradually, other aqueducts were built across Italy, for example, in Alatri (130-120 BCE) and Pompeii (c. 80 BCE). Julius Caesar built an aqueduct at Antioch, the first outside Italy. Augustus (r. 27 BCE - 14 CE) oversaw the construction of aqueducts at Carthage, Ephesus, and the 96 km aqueduct which served Naples. Indeed, the 1st century CE saw an explosion of aqueduct construction, perhaps connected to the spread of Roman culture and their love of bathing and fountains but also to meet the water needs of ever-larger population concentrations.

第一条为罗马服务的引水渠是16公里长的阿普阿皮亚引水渠（公元前312年），Anio Vetus（公元前272-269年）和91公里长的Aqua Marcia（公元前144-140年）。水管网稳步增加，甚至创造了水渠之间的连接：Aqua Tepula（公元前126-125年）、Julia（公元前33年）、Virgo（公元前22-19年）、Alsietina（公元前2年）、Aqua Claudia和Anio Novus（公元前52年完成）、Aqua Traiana（公元前109年）和Aqua Alexandrina（公元前226年）。渐渐地，其他水渠也在意大利各地修建，例如阿拉特里（公元前130-120年）和庞贝（约公元前80年）。凯撒大帝在安提阿建造了一个水渠，这是意大利以外的第一个水渠。奥古斯都（公元前27年-公元前14年）监督了迦太基、以弗所和为那不勒斯服务的96公里的水渠的建设。事实上，在公元1世纪，水渠的建设出现了爆炸性的增长，这也许与罗马文化的传播和他们对沐浴和喷泉的喜爱有关，但也是为了满足越来越多的人口集中的用水需求。

From the 1st to the 2nd centuries CE, the very limits of architectural feasibility were stretched and some of the largest Roman aqueducts were constructed. These had two or three arcades of arches and reached prodigious heights. The aqueduct of Segovia was 28 m high and the Pont du Gard in southern France was 49 m in height, both of which still survive today as spectacular monuments to the skill and audacity of Roman engineers.

从公元1世纪到2世纪，建筑可行性的极限被拉长，一些最大的罗马水渠相继出现。这些水渠有两个或三个拱门，并有着惊人的高度。塞戈维亚的水渠高28米，法国南部的加尔桥高49米，这两座水渠至今仍以展示罗马工程师技能与胆识的身份而存在。