【简译】巴勒斯坦（Palestine）

Palestine in the ancient world was part of the region known as Canaan where the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah were located. The term `Palestine' was originally a designation of an area of land in southern Canaan which the people known as the Philistines occupied a very small part of.

巴勒斯坦是古代迦南地区的一部分，以色列王国（或北方王国或撒马利亚）和犹大王国都曾在此地。最初，“Palestine”（巴勒斯坦）一词指的是迦南南部的一块领土，其中一小部分被非利士人

（Philistines，天主教译名为培肋舍特人，又译腓力斯丁人、菲力斯丁人，是居住在迦南南部海岸的古民族，其领土位于今日加沙地带及以北一带，并在后来的文献中被称为“非利士地”。非利士人的起源，现代考古学认为与希腊之南爱琴海的迈锡尼文化的早期有文化联结。在非利士人留下任何文字资料之前，他们已采用迦南当地的文化和语言。非利士语的辞汇中，有许多证据证明他们起源于印欧语系）

占领。

The Canaanites, Canaanite-Phoenicians, and the Israelites, among others, established themselves in the area much earlier. The Philistines are thought to have come to the area toward the end of the Bronze Age c. 1276 BCE and established themselves on the southern coastal plain of the Mediterranean Sea in an area afterwards known as Philistia.

迦南人、迦南-腓尼基人和以色列人

（Israelites，是指雅各（天主教翻译为雅各伯）的后代，根据《旧约圣经·创世记》记载，亚伯拉罕之嫡幼子以撒的次子原名雅各，后被神改名为以色列，雅各的后代子孙于是称为以色列人）

等早已在该地区定居。非利士人被认为是在青铜时代末期（约公元前 1276 年）抵达该地区，他们在地中海南部沿海平原建立了自己的势力，该地区后来被称为Philistia（非利士）。

The whole of the region was referred to as `Canaan' in Mesopotamian texts and trade records found at Ebla and Mari as early as the 18th century BCE while the term `Palestine' does not appear in any written records until the 5th century BCE in the Histories of Herodotus. After Herodotus, the term `Palestine' came to be used for the entire region which was formerly known as Canaan.

早在公元前 18 世纪，在埃勃拉

(Ebla，叙利亚最早的王国之一。埃勃拉是公元前3000年代后期—公元前2000年代初期的重要中心。它的发现证明黎凡特是与埃及和美索不达米亚同等的古代中央文明中心，并排除了后两者是青铜时代早期近东唯一重要中心的观点)

和马里

（Mari，位于现代叙利亚的古代闪米特城邦）

发现的美索不达米亚文字和贸易记录中，整个地区都被称为“Canaan”（迦南），而“Palestine”（巴勒斯坦）一词直到公元前 5 世纪才出现在希罗多德（Herodotus）的《历史》中。希罗多德之后，“Palestine”（巴勒斯坦）一词被用来指代之前被称为“Canaan”（迦南）的整个地区。

The region is part of the so-called fertile crescent and human habitation there can be traced back to before 10, 000 BCE. The lands were originally inhabited by nomadic hunter-gatherers who most likely immigrated from Mesopotamia but became sedentary agriculturalists by the Early Bronze Age (c.3300-c.2000 BCE). In the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-c.1550 BCE)) trade with other nations expanded and Canaan prospered and in the Late Bronze Age (c.1550-c. 1200 BCE) this affluence continued as the region was incorporated into the Egyptian Empire (c.1570-c.1069 BCE).

该地区是所谓新月沃土 (Fertile Crescent)的一部分，人类在此居住的历史可追溯到公元前 10000 年以前。这片土地的最初居住者是游牧狩猎采集者，他们很可能是从美索不达米亚移民过来的，但到了青铜时代早期（约公元前 3300 年至公元前 2000 年），他们成为了定居农业者。到了青铜时代中期（约公元前 2000 年至公元前 1550 年），此地与其他国家的贸易不断扩大，迦南也随之繁荣起来。到了青铜时代晚期（约公元前 1550 年至公元前 1200 年），随着该地区并入埃及帝国（约公元前 1570 年至公元前 1069 年），这种富庶的景象得以延续。

As Egypt's influence and power waned, that of the Assyrians grew and there were Assyrian incursions into other lands as early as 1295 BCE. The entire Near East suffered during the so-called Bronze Age Collapse of c. 1250-c. 1150 BCE and Canaan was no exception. According to the biblical Book of Joshua, the Israelite general Joshua invaded the land and divided the region among his people. At approximately the same time, however, the Sea Peoples (whose identity remains unknown) arrived in the region and could have been responsible for the evident destruction of towns and cities, as they were in other nations.

随着埃及影响力和实力日渐衰落，亚述人的影响力和实力不断增强，早在公元前 1295 年，亚述人就曾入侵其他国家。在公元前约 1250 年至公元前 1150 年所谓的青铜时代崩溃时期，整个近东都遭受了损失，迦南也不例外。据《圣经-约书亚记》记载，以色列将军约书亚

（古代以色列的国家领袖和军事指挥官，是摩西的助手和继承人）

入侵迦南，并将该地区划分给他的子民。然而，大约在同一时间，身份不明的海洋民族抵达该地区，他们可能与其他国家一样，对乡镇和城市的明显破坏负有责任。

The Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and the armies of Alexander the Great all conquered the region in succession and, finally, so too, the armies of Rome. By the time Rome appeared in the land it was long known as Judea, a term taken from the ancient Kingdom of Judah which had been destroyed by the Babylonians. It was also referred to, however, as Palestine and, after the Bar-Kochba Revolt of 132-136 CE, the Roman emperor Hadrian renamed the region Syria-Palaestina to punish the Jewish people for their insurrection (by naming it after their two traditional enemies, the Syrians and the Philistines). The designations Philistia, Roman Judea, and Palestine were all in use afterwards.

亚述人、巴比伦人、波斯人和亚历山大大帝的军队都先后征服了这一地区，最后罗马军队也征服了这里。当罗马军队出现在这片土地上时，这里早已被称为犹大（Judea），这个词来自于被巴比伦人摧毁的古代犹大王国。然而，它也被称为“Palestine”（巴勒斯坦），在公元 132-136 年的巴尔科赫巴起义后，罗马皇帝哈德良将该地区改名为“Syria-Palaestina”（叙利亚-巴勒斯坦），以惩罚犹太人的叛乱（用他们的两个传统敌人叙利亚人和非利士人的名字命名）。此后，非利士、罗马犹太和巴勒斯坦的称谓继续沿用。

When the Western Roman Empire fell, Palestine was taken by the Eastern or Byzantine Empire and held until c. 634 CE when it was taken by invading Muslim armies from Arabia.

西罗马帝国灭亡后，东罗马帝国（或拜占庭帝国）接管了巴勒斯坦并一直控制到公元 634 年左右，当时来自阿拉伯的穆斯林军队征服了它。

埃勃拉 (Ebla）

名称来源

The name `Palestine' is thought to derive from either the word plesheth (meaning `root palash', an edible concoction carried by migratory tribes which came to symbolize nomadic peoples) or as a Greek designation for the nomadic Philistines. The author Tom Robbins has suggested the term `Palestine' originates from the ancient androgynous god Pales who was worshipped in the region of Canaan. If this is so then `Palestine' means `Land of Pales'.

人们认为，“Palestine”（巴勒斯坦）这个名字源于“plesheth”一词（意为“帕拉什根”，一种由迁徙部落携带的可食用混合物，后来成为游牧民族的象征），或者来自希腊语中对游牧民族非利士人的称呼。作家汤姆·罗宾斯（Tom Robbins）提出，“Palestine”一词源于迦南地区崇拜的古代雌雄同体的帕莱斯神

（在古罗马宗教中，帕莱斯是牧羊人、羊群和牲畜的神）

。如果是这样的话，那么“Palestine”就是“帕莱斯的土地”（巴勒斯坦之地）的意思。

It has been established that there was an androgynous deity named Pales (referred to in texts as both a god and a goddess) who was recognized by the Romans as the patron deity of shepherds and sheep and whose festivals were celebrated on 21 April and 7 July in Rome in the area of the Palatine Hill (Adkins & Adkins, 269). There is, however, no documentation from ancient times linking this deity to the name of the region of Palestine and, most likely, the name derives from the Greek for `the Land of the Philistines'. Scholars J Maxwell Miller and John H. Hayes support this conclusion, writing: Along the southern coastal plain of the Eastern Mediterranean seaboard (roughly south of present-day Tel Aviv) were settled the Philistines. They came to that region as a part of the general `Sea Peoples' migrations at the end of the Bronze Age and inhabited five main cities – Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, Gath, and Gaza. Although historically the Philistines are to be associated specifically with the coastal plain, during Classical Times the name `Philistia' (“Land of the Philistines”) came to be applied more generally to the whole southern end of the Eastern Mediterranean Seaboard…In short, then, the English term `Palestine' derives ultimately from `Philistia'. (39-40)

据考证，罗马人认为有一位名为 Pales （帕莱斯神）的雌雄同体的神灵（在文本中既被称为神灵，也被称为女神）是牧羊人和羊群的守护神，罗马人会于 4 月 21 日和 7 月 7 日在帕拉丁山

（帕拉提诺山或帕拉蒂尼山，拉丁语：Collis Palatium或Mons Palatinus）

地区庆祝（Adkins & Adkins, 269）。不过，没有任何古代文献将这位神与巴勒斯坦地区的名称联系起来，该名称很可能来自希腊语中“Land of the Philistines”（非利士人之地）。学者詹姆斯·麦克斯韦·米勒（James Maxwell Miller）和约翰·哈拉尔森·海斯 (John Haralson Hayes) 在他们的著作中支持这一结论：

在东地中海沿岸的南部沿海平原（大致在今特拉维夫以南），居住非利士人。作为青铜时代末期“海上民族”

（Sea Peoples，历史学名词。这些人被认为是一群海上劫掠者所组成的同盟，他们很可能来自南欧，尤其是爱琴海。他们在整个东地中海游弋，并且在青铜时代末期，入侵了安纳托利亚、叙利亚、迦南、塞浦路斯和埃及。但是，这群人的具体身份对现代学者来说依然是一个谜团，只能通过一些考古学的证据和古文明的零碎记载来进行推测）

大迁徙的一部分，他们抵达这一地区，并居住在五个主要城市：阿什杜德、亚实基伦

（又译为阿什凯隆或阿什克隆）

、以革伦（Ekron）、迦特 (Gath)和加沙（Gaza）。虽然从历史的角度来看，非利士人与沿海平原有特定的联系，但在古典时期，“ Philistia”

（“Land of the Philistines”，非利士人之地）

这个名称通常广泛地应用于东地中海沿岸的南端......简而言之，英语中的“Palestine”（巴勒斯坦）一词最终源自 “Philistia”（非利士）。(39-40)

Following Herodotus' use of the term in his work in the 5th century BCE, other writers adopted it in their own and `Palestine' gradually replaced `Canaan' as the name of the region.

公元前5世纪，希罗多德在他的著作中使用这个术语后，其他作家也在自己的作品中使用了该词，“Palestine”（巴勒斯坦）逐渐取代“Canaan”（迦南）成为该地区的名称。

地中海东部地区的卫星图像

早期历史

The region of Palestine is among the earliest sites of human habitation in the world. Archaeological evidence suggests a hunter-gatherer community living a nomadic existence in the region pre-10,000 BCE. In the Early Bronze Age, permanent settlements were founded and agricultural communities developed. Trade was initiated with other regions in the Near East and, because of its location between the cities of Mesopotamia and those of Arabia and Egypt, Palestine became an important trading hub and attracted the attention of Sargon the Great (r. 2334-2279 BCE) who absorbed the region into his Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BCE.

巴勒斯坦地区是世界上最早的人类居住地之一。考古证据表明，公元前 10000 年前，该地区的狩猎采集群体过着游牧生活。在青铜时代早期，人们建立了永久性定居点，并发展了农业社区。巴勒斯坦与近东其他地区开始贸易往来，由于地处美索不达米亚城市与阿拉伯和埃及众多城市之间，巴勒斯坦成为重要的贸易枢纽，吸引了萨尔贡大帝

（阿卡德语萨尔贡意为“正统的国王”或“合法的国王”）

（公元前 2334-2279 年）的注意，约公元前 2300 年，萨尔贡大帝将该地区并入他的阿卡德帝国。

The affluence of the Akkadian Empire at this time encouraged the growth of urban centers throughout the region and Palestine flourished until Akkad fell to the invading armies of the Gutians, Elamites, and Amorites in c. 2083 BCE. After this, the cities were abandoned and the people returned to a rural, agrarian lifestyle, possibly due to overpopulation, though the reasons are unclear.

公元前 2083 年左右，古提人（Gutians）、埃兰人（Elamites）和亚摩利人（Amorites）的军队入侵阿卡德，阿卡德帝国在这一时期的富裕促使整个地区的城市中心发展起来，巴勒斯坦也随之繁荣。此后，城市被遗弃，人们回到了农村，过上了农耕生活，这可能是由于人口过剩导致的，但真实原因尚不清楚。

海上民族入侵路线

青铜时代中期

In the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-c.1550 BCE), the people again embraced urbanization and trade flourished. International commerce had first been established between the port city of Byblos and Egypt in c. 4000 BCE and, by 2000 BCE, Egypt was the region's most influential partner in trade. Egypt's influence is evident in the pattern of burial rituals in the region which closely mirror Egypt's in terms of the type of grave goods included in the tombs.

青铜时代中期（约公元前 2000 年至公元前 1550 年），此地再次迎来城市化，贸易蓬勃发展。约公元前 4000 年，港口城市比布鲁斯（今称朱拜勒，古称比布鲁斯）与埃及之间首次建立了国际贸易关系，到公元前 2000 年，埃及已成为该地区最有影响力的贸易伙伴。埃及的影响力在该地区的丧葬仪式中显而易见，从墓葬中的墓葬用品类型来看，埃及的丧葬仪式与该地区的丧葬仪式如出一辙。

This partnership continued to benefit both Egypt and the Palestine region until the arrival of the Semitic peoples known as the Hyksos in c. 1725 BCE. The Hyksos, known in ancient Egyptian inscriptions only as “foreign kings”, were able to use Palestine to gain a foothold in the Delta region of Lower Egypt toward the end of Egypt's Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) and establish themselves as a political entity at Avaris.

在约公元前 1725 年被称为“Hyksos”

（喜克索斯人，意为“外来者”）

的闪米特人到来之前，这种伙伴关系一直使埃及和巴勒斯坦地区受益。喜克索斯人在古埃及碑文中被称为“外国国王”，在埃及中王国末期（公元前 2040-1782 年），他们利用巴勒斯坦在下埃及三角洲地区站稳了脚跟，并在阿瓦里斯

（所在的位置现在被称为Tell el-Dab'a）

建立了自己的政治实体。

In time, they became powerful enough to initiate trade, muster armies, and take control of the Delta and a large part of Lower Egypt until they were driven out by Ahmose I of Thebes in 1570 BCE. Ahmose I's campaign pursued the Hyksos north through Palestine into Syria, leaving ruined cities and scattered communities in his wake.

随着时间的推移，喜克索斯人变得足够强大，逐步开展贸易、集结军队并控制三角洲和下埃及的大部分地区，直到底比斯的雅赫摩斯一世（Ahmose I of Thebes）于公元前 1570 年驱逐了他们，雅赫摩斯一世将希克索斯人赶往北方，穿过巴勒斯坦进入叙利亚，随之而来的是被毁的城市和分散的社区。

卡迭石之战

青铜时代晚期

Following the expulsion of the Hyksos, the cities of Palestine were rebuilt and Ahmose I absorbed the region into the newly formed Egyptian Empire (also referred to as the New Kingdom, c. 1570-c.1069 BCE). Ahmose I wanted to make sure that no other foreign power would infiltrate Egypt's border and so created a buffer-zone around Egypt's borders which was enlarged by later pharaohs to form their empire.

在驱逐了喜克索斯人之后，巴勒斯坦的城市得到了重建，雅赫摩斯一世将该地区并入了新成立的埃及帝国（又称新王国，约公元前 1570 年至公元前 1069 年）。雅赫摩斯一世着手确保没有任何外国势力能够渗透埃及边境，为此他在国家边界周围创建了一个缓冲区，后来继任的统治者扩大了这个缓冲区，建立了他们自己的帝国。

Some of the most famous Egyptian pharaohs ruled during the New Kingdom and patronized Palestine in trade and through building projects. Hatshepsut (r. 1479-1458 BCE), Thutmose III (r. 1458-1425 BCE), Amenhotep III (r. 1386-1353 BCE), and Ramesses the Great (r. 1279-1213 BCE), among many others, encouraged trade in the region and improved its infrastructure.

一些最著名的埃及法老都曾在新王国时期统治过巴勒斯坦，并通过贸易和建筑项目对巴勒斯坦提供帮助。哈特谢普苏特（公元前 1479-1458 年在位）、图特摩斯三世（公元前 1458-1425 年在位）、阿蒙霍特普三世（公元前 1386-1353 年在位）和拉美西斯二世（公元前 1279-1213 年在位）等许多法老都鼓励在该地区开展贸易并改善其基础设施。

During the reign of Thutmose III, a people known as the Habiru disturbed the peace through raids on communities. The identity of these people (like the Hyksos and Sea Peoples) is unknown but they appear to have been native to the region and the term `Habiru' used to designate those who refused to conform any longer to the rules of society. They are described as outlaws rather than invaders and past attempts by modern-day scholars to link the Habiru with the Hebrews have been discredited.

在图特摩斯三世统治时期，一个被称为“Habiru”（哈比鲁）的民族通过袭击社区扰乱了和平。这些人（与喜克索斯人和海上民族一样）的身份不详，但他们似乎是该地区的原住民，“Habiru”（哈比鲁）一词用来指那些拒绝遵守社会规则的人。他们被描述为亡命之徒，而不是入侵者，一些现代学者试图将哈比鲁人与希伯来人联系起来的想法已被否定。

During the reign of Ramesses the Great, the Sea Peoples make their first appearance in Egypt's history. Ramesses defeated them in a sea battle off his coast in c. 1278 BCE and again encountered them in 1274 BCE as allies of the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh. Who they were and where they came from is still debated in the present day but they returned to wage war on Egypt during the reign of Merenptah (r. 1213-1203 BCE) and later during the reign of Ramesses III (r. 1186-1155 BCE). At the same time they were harassing Egypt, the Sea Peoples were also wreaking havoc on the Hittite Empire and throughout the Levant. Their activities, along with Assyrian incursions beginning c. 1300 BCE, threw the region of the Near East into chaos.

在拉美西斯大帝统治时期，海上民族（Sea Peoples）首次出现在埃及历史上。约公元前 1278 年，拉美西斯在其近海的一次海战中击败了他们，公元前 1274 年，他们作为赫梯人的盟友在卡迭石战役（Battle of Kadesh）中再次遭遇。关于他们是谁以及他们来自哪里的争论至今仍在继续，但他们在麦伦普塔（Merneptah，公元前 1213-1203 年在位）统治时期和拉美西斯三世（Ramesses III，公元前 1186-1155 年在位）统治时期重返埃及发动战争。在骚扰埃及的同时，海上民族还对赫梯帝国以及整个黎凡特造成了严重破坏。约公元前 1300 年，他们的活动以及亚述的入侵使近东地区陷入混乱。

It is about this same time, c. 1250-1200 BCE, that the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite general Joshua is thought to have occurred as related in the biblical Book of Joshua and, to a lesser extent, in the Book of Numbers. While there is certainly evidence of a great upheaval in the land at this time, the archaeological evidence does not fit with the biblical narrative and it is possible the land was overrun by the Sea Peoples.

大约在公元前 1250-1200 年，以色列将军约书亚征服迦南也是在这一时期发生的，《圣经-约书亚记》和《民数记》都有相关记载，但《民数记》的记载较少。虽然有证据表明当时这片土地发生了巨大的动荡，但考古证据与《圣经》的叙述并不相符，这片土地有可能已被海上民族入侵。

The first mention of Israel comes from the stele of Merenptah who claims that “Israel is devastated” in the description of his victory over the Libyans (who were allies of the Sea Peoples). The stele seems to be referring to `Israel' as a people, not as a kingdom or city-state, and it is possible that the Israelites joined with the Sea Peoples and Libyans in a push against Egypt, though this is speculative.

第一次提到“Israel”（以色列）是在麦伦普塔（Merneptah）的石碑上，他在描述战胜利比亚人（海上民族的盟友）时声称“以色列遭到了毁灭性的打击”。该石碑似乎指的是作为一个民族的“Israel”（以色列），而不是作为一个王国或城邦的“Israel”（以色列），以色列人有可能与海上民族和利比亚人一起进攻了埃及，但这只是推测。

At some point after the alleged invasion by general Joshua, however, the Israelites are firmly established in Palestine and, by c. 1080 BCE, the Kingdom of Israel is founded in the north. Israel would flourish as a United Kingdom until after the death of King Solomon (c. 965-931 BCE) when it split in two as the Kingdom of Israel with its capital at Samaria in the north and the Kingdom of Judah with the capital at Jerusalem in the south. Throughout the reigns of the early Israelite kings, and later, the Philistines are repeatedly referenced in the Bible as their sworn enemies.

然而，在约书亚将军入侵之后的某个时期，以色列人在巴勒斯坦站稳了脚跟，并在约公元前 1080 年在北部建立了以色列王国（the Kingdom of Israel）。以色列王国（the Kingdom of Israel）作为一个联合王国一直繁荣昌盛，直到所罗门王死后（约公元前 965-931 年），以色列王国（the Kingdom of Israel）一分为二，北部是以撒玛利亚为首都的以色列王国

（北国，公元前931年至前722年）

，南部是以耶路撒冷为首都的犹大王国

（南国，公元前931年至前586年）

。在早期以色列国王及后继者统治期间，《圣经》中多次提到非利士人是其死敌。

罗马省份叙利亚巴勒斯坦的位置，公元 210 年

非利士人和外来征服者

The Philistines (thought to be from Crete and, most likely, from the Aegean area) landed on the southern Mediterranean coast of Canaan in circa 1276 BCE after being repulsed in their invasion of Egypt (along with the Sea Peoples) by Rameses III. By 1185 BCE they had established themselves firmly in settlements along the coast known as Philistia. Other, older, settlements were already thriving in the area upon their arrival and the Philistines went quickly to work to subdue them.

非利士人（被认为来自克里特岛，很可能来自爱琴海地区）在入侵埃及（与海上民族一起）被拉美西斯三世击退后，于约公元前 1276 年登陆迦南地中海南部海岸。到公元前 1185 年，他们已经在被称为“Philistia”（非利士）的沿海地区建立了自己的定居点。在他们到来时，该地区其他更古老的定居点已经繁荣起来，非利士人很快就展开了征服它们的行动。

According to biblical narratives, the Philistines were organized and efficient enough to cause the early Israelite tribes and cities a great deal of trouble. They posed a significant threat to the Israelite King Saul (r. c. 1080-1010 BCE), were defeated by his successor, King David (r. c. 1035-970 BCE), and were still enemies of Israel under King Solomon but, in spite of Israelite victories over them, they continued to thrive along the coast and harass their neighbors.

根据《圣经》的记载，非利士人组织严密，效率极高，给早期的以色列部落和城市造成了巨大的麻烦。他们对以色列国王扫罗（以色列联合王国的开国国王，约公元前 1080-1010 年）构成了重大威胁，但被其继任者大卫王（约公元前 1035-970 年）击败，在所罗门王时期仍然是以色列的敌人。尽管以色列人战胜了他们，他们却继续在沿海地区繁衍生息，骚扰其邻居。

In 722 BCE, the region was overrun by the Assyrians and the Kingdom of Israel was destroyed. At this same time, the Philistines were subdued completely and lost their autonomy. The Neo-Assyrian Empire claimed Palestine and their king Sennacherib (r.705-681 BCE) launched a campaign in the region in 703 BCE. Although he failed to take Jerusalem, he succeeded in making Judah a vassal state.

公元前 722 年，亚述人袭击该地区并摧毁了以色列王国。与此同时，非利士人也被彻底征服，失去了自治权。新亚述帝国宣称拥有巴勒斯坦，其国王西拿基立

（Sennacherib，又名辛那赫里布，公元前 705-681 年）

于公元前 703 年在该地区发动了一场战役。虽然他未能攻下耶路撒冷，但成功地使犹大王国成为附庸国。

The Assyrians held the region until the fall of their empire in 612 BCE to a coalition led by Babylonians and Medes and, shortly after, the Babylonians invaded Palestine in 598 BCE and sacked Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple of Solomon, and took the leading citizens among the Israelites back to Babylon (a period in Jewish history known as the Babylonian Captivity). They returned between 589-582 BCE and destroyed the rest of Judah, scattering the Philistines at the same time.

亚述人一直控制着该地区，直到公元前 612 年其帝国被巴比伦人和米底人联军攻陷，不久之后，巴比伦人于公元前 598 年入侵巴勒斯坦，洗劫了耶路撒冷，摧毁了所罗门圣殿，并将以色列人中的重要公民带回巴比伦

（犹大王国被新巴比伦帝国国王尼布甲尼撒二世征服，大批犹太富人、工匠、祭司、王室成员和平民上万人被掳往巴比伦，并囚禁于巴比伦城）

。他们于公元前 589-582 年返回，摧毁了犹大的其他地区，同时也驱散了非利士人。

Babylon fell to Cyrus the Great (d. 530 BCE) who absorbed the region into the Achaemenid Empire and allowed the Jews to return from Babylon to their homeland. The Persian Empire fell to Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) and, after him, the Seleucids controlled the region until c. 168 BCE when the Maccabees revolted against foreign rule and the imposition of foreign religion and established the Hasmonean Dynasty, the last independent Judean kingdom. Rome involved itself in the region's affairs in 63 BCE and, after Augustus became emperor, Palestine became a province known as Roman Judea in c. 31 BCE.

巴比伦落入居鲁士大帝（卒于公元前 530 年）之手，他将该地区并入阿契美尼德帝国，并允许犹太人从巴比伦返回故土。波斯帝国落入亚历山大大帝（公元前 356-323 年）之手，在他之后，塞琉古王朝控制了该地区，直到约公元前 168 年，马加比家族反抗外来统治和宗教的强加，建立了哈斯蒙尼王朝，这是犹大最后一个独立的君主国。公元前 63 年，罗马介入该地区的事务，奥古斯都加冕为皇帝后，巴勒斯坦在约公元前 31 年成为罗马的一个省，称为“Roman Judea”（罗马犹太行省）。

麦伦普塔（Merneptah）的石碑

犹太-罗马战争

The Romans installed a king of their choice, Herod the Great, to rule the region and imposed the same tax levies on Judea as they did other provinces in the empire. The people resented Roman rule and occupation, however, and Judea proved an especially problematic region for Rome.

罗马人根据自己的方便任命了一位国王希律大帝（Herod the Great）统治该地区，并对犹太地区征收与帝国其他省份相同的税赋。然而，此地的人民对罗马的统治和占领深恶痛绝，事实证明犹太地区尤其令罗马头疼。

The years 66-73 CE saw the First Jewish-Roman war which resulted in Titus destroying Jerusalem, including the Second Temple (leaving only the Western Wall) and leading to the martyrdom of the defenders of Masada. Although the people of the land were free, within reason, to adhere to their own cultures and religious beliefs, they were still under Roman rule and wanted their independence.

公元 66-73 年，第一次犹太-罗马战争爆发，提图斯摧毁了耶路撒冷，包括第二圣殿（只留下西墙），

马萨达的守卫者

（cv24499833）也因此殉难。虽然这片土地上的人们在合理的范围内可以自由地坚持自己的文化和宗教信仰，但他们仍处于罗马统治之下，他们仍希望获得独立。

【简译】奋锐党 (Zealots，又名热烈派)

In 115-117 CE, the conflict known as the Kitos War broke out (so-named from a corruption of the name of the Roman general, Lucius Quietus, who commanded the Roman legions). This conflict also ended in a Roman victory and a relative peace was restored. In 132 CE, however, the Bar-Kochba Revolt (132-136 CE) broke out and proved the most costly to both sides (although the Judeans suffered the worse casualties with over 500,000 combatants killed, not counting many others). The Emperor Hadrian was so enraged by Jewish resistance that he re-named the province Syria Palaestina (after the two traditional enemies of the Jews, the Syrians and the Philistines) and banished all Jews from the region, building his city Aelia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusalem. The Bar-Kochba Revolt was the last of the Jewish-Roman Wars and, afterwards, Rome held the region without further serious incident.

公元 115-117 年，爆发了被称为“Kitos”的战争（基托斯战争，第二次犹太–罗马战争，这一名称由指挥罗马军团的罗马将军卢修斯·基托斯的名字演变而来）。这场冲突也以罗马的胜利而告终，此地恢复了相对的和平。然而，公元 132 年，巴尔科赫巴起义（Bar-Kochba Revolt，公元 132-136 年）爆发，双方都遭受了惨重的损失（尽管犹大人的伤亡最为惨重，超过 500000 名战士被杀，这还不包括其他许多人）。哈德良皇帝被犹太人的抵抗激怒了，他将该省重新命名为“Syria Palaestina”（叙利亚-巴勒斯坦）（以犹太人的两个传统敌人叙利亚人和非利士人的名字命名），并将所有犹太人驱逐出该地区，在耶路撒冷的废墟上建造了Aelia Capitolina（埃利亚卡皮托利纳）。巴尔科赫巴起义是最后一次犹太人与罗马人的战争，此后，罗马一直控制着该地区，没有再发生严重事件。

青铜时代晚期地中海入侵和迁徙

后 续

The emperor Diocletian (r.284-305 CE) divided the Roman Empire in two, the Western Empire which controlled Europe and the Eastern Empire (later known as the Byzantine Empire) which administrated affairs in the Near East and, of course, held Syria-Palaestina. When the emperor Constantine the Great (r.306-337 CE) legitimized Christianity and made it the state religion, Syria-Palaestina became a Christian province and an important center for the new faith.

戴克里先皇帝（公元 284-305 年）将罗马帝国一分为二，西方帝国控制欧洲，东方帝国（后称拜占庭帝国）管理近东事务，当然也包括“Syria Palaestina”（叙利亚-巴勒斯坦）。君士坦丁大帝（Constantine the Great，公元 306-337 年）将基督教合法化并将其定为国教后，“Syria Palaestina”（叙利亚-巴勒斯坦）成为基督教行省和新信仰的重要中心。

The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE but the Byzantine Empire continued on relatively unchallenged until the 7th century CE and the rise of Islam in the region. In 634 CE, the Muslim armies from Arabia took Syria-Palaestina and renamed it Jund Filastin (“Military District of Palestine”). The Muslims felt they had as much of a religious stake in the region as the Christians or as the Jews before them and churches were turned into mosques in the same way that earlier temples had given way to churches.

西罗马帝国于公元 476 年灭亡，但拜占庭帝国一直延续到公元7世纪，伊斯兰教在该地区兴起。公元 634 年，来自阿拉伯的穆斯林军队占领了“Syria Palaestina”（叙利亚-巴勒斯坦），并将其改名为“Jund Filasṭīn”（阿拉伯语：“巴勒斯坦军区”）。穆斯林认为，他们在该地区的宗教利益与基督徒或之前的犹太教徒一样重要，因此他们将教堂改成了清真寺，就像早期的寺庙让位于教堂一样。

Palestine came to be referred to by European Christians as the Holy Land and the First Crusade was launched to win it back from Muslim occupation in 1096 CE. This effort was followed by many more, supported by the Byzantine Empire, through 1272 CE at enormous cost of life and property but with nothing finally gained. The Byzantine Empire fell in 1453 CE, greatly reducing Christian influence in the region, and Palestine was held by the Ottoman Turks. The region continued to be contested throughout the next few centuries until the British involved themselves in 1915 CE during World War I at which time the western powers first devised plans to partition the Middle East for their own purposes and benefit.

欧洲基督徒将巴勒斯坦称为圣地，并于公元 1096 年发动了第一次十字军东征，试图将其从穆斯林的占领下夺回。此后，在拜占庭帝国的支持下，欧洲基督徒又发起了多次十字军东征，直至公元 1272 年，付出了巨大的生命和财产代价，但最终一无所获。公元 1453 年，拜占庭帝国灭亡，大大削弱了基督教在该地区的影响力，巴勒斯坦被奥斯曼土耳其人占领。在接下来的几个世纪里，关于该地区的争端持续不断，直到公元1915年英国卷入第一次世界大战，西方列强首次制定了出于自身目的和利益瓜分中东的计划。

Palestine continued to be a war-torn and much-contested region up through World War II when, afterwards, the United Nations declared the area the State of Israel and established it as a homeland for the Jewish people. This mandate by the United Nations, and the resulting country of Israel, remains controversial and the region continues to be as troubled in the present day as it was in ancient times.

巴勒斯坦一直是一个饱受战争蹂躏和争议的地区，直到第二次世界大战结束，联合国将该地区授予以色列国，并宣称以色列是犹太人的家园。联合国的这一授权以及由此产生的现代以色列仍然饱受争议，该地区至今仍像古代一样动荡不安。

新月沃土 (Fertile Crescent)

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耶路撒冷平面图。大卫和所罗门的统治（公元前 1025-953 年）。后期国王统治下的巴勒斯坦（公元前 953-722 年）。《士师记》中约书亚统治下的巴勒斯坦（公元前 1250-1125 年）

原文作者：

Joshua J. Mark

自由撰稿人，曾在纽约马里斯特学院兼职担任哲学教授，教授历史、写作、文学和哲学，曾在希腊和德国生活，并游历过埃及。古代历史百科全书的联合创始人、编辑和主任。

耶路撒冷第二圣殿（绘画）

原文网址: https://www.worldhistory.org/palestine/