【全国复兴总署】罗斯福第3次炉边谈话 1933年7月24日
1933年7月24日，罗斯福总统继续向美国人民汇报新政的进展，并公布了《全国工业复兴法》，简要阐述工业复兴的原理，并邀请美国各大企业、全体工人一同加入国家复兴计划。
After the adjournment of the historical special session of the Congress five weeks ago I purposely refrained from addressing you for two very good reasons.
在5周前，我国历史性的特别国会休会后，我刻意没有向大家讲话，原因有二。
First, I think that we all wanted the opportunity of a little quiet thought to examine and assimilate in a mental picture the crowding events of the hundred days which had been devoted to the starting of the wheels of the New Deal.
第一，我觉得大家都应该静下心来，在脑海中仔细思索，我们的百日新政开始以来发生的大量事件。
Secondly, I wanted a few weeks in which to set up the new administrative organization and to see the first fruits of our careful planning.
第二，我希望有几周时间来建立新的行政机构，并见证我们新政规划的首批成果。
I think it will interest you if I set forth the fundamentals of this planning for national recovery; and this I am very certain will make it abundantly clear to you that all of the proposals and all of the legislation since the fourth day of March have not been just a collection of haphazard schemes but rather the orderly component parts of a connected and logical whole.
我觉得，大家会对我即将谈起的全国复兴规划的基本原理有所兴趣；我个人坚信，且敢向大家打包票，我们自3月4日以来的一切立法提案并非是我们一时兴起、毫无规划地拼凑而成，而是我们一整套相互关联、逻辑清晰计划的一部分。
Long before Inauguration Day I became convinced that individual effort and local effort and even disjointed Federal effort had failed and of necessity would fail and, therefore, that a rounded leadership by the Federal Government had become a necessity both of theory and of fact. Such leadership, however, had its beginning in preserving and strengthening the credit of the United States Government, because without that no leadership was a possibility. For years the Government had not lived within its income. The immediate task was to bring our regular expenses within our revenues. That has been done.
早在就职日之前，我就相信，无论是个人的努力还是各地的努力，甚至一切脱离了联邦的努力都注定失败，因此，联邦政府已经同时在理论上和实际上成为了战胜大萧条的领导者。但是联邦政府的领导，不能脱离捍卫并加强美国政府的信誉的初衷，因为政府失去了信誉，还谈何领导。多年来，政府都未能量入为出。我们曾经最紧迫的任务，是将日常开支缩减至财政收入以下。这一任务已然完成。
It may seem inconsistent for a government to cut down its regular expenses and at the same time to borrow and to spend billions for an emergency. But it is not inconsistent because a large portion of the emergency money has been paid out in the form of sound loans which will be repaid to the Treasury over a period of years; and to cover the rest of the emergency money we have imposed taxes to pay the interest and the installments on that part of the debt.
政府在削减日常开支的同时，还能向各州各地借出几十亿美元用以应对危机，这看上去似乎自相矛盾。其实这并不矛盾，因为大部分救济金都是以稳定贷款的形式发放的，这些贷款会在几年内由各地归还国库；而其余的救济金，我们则征收了税款，来补贴这部分借款的本息。
So you will see that we have kept our credit good. We have built a granite foundation in a period of confusion. That foundation of the Federal credit stands there broad and sure. It is the base of the whole recovery plan.
所以，我们依然会保持良好的信贷。我们在混乱时期，打下了坚实稳定的基础。联邦信贷的基础广泛且稳定。也是我们整个国家复兴计划的基础。
Then came the part of the problem that concerned the credit of the individual citizens themselves. You and I know of the banking crisis and of the great danger to the savings of our people. On March sixth every national bank was closed. One month later 90 per cent of the deposits in the national banks had been made available to the depositors. Today only about 5 per cent of the deposits in national banks are still tied up. The condition relating to state banks, while not quite so good on a percentage basis, is shoving a steady reduction in the total of frozen deposits -- a result much better than we had expected three months ago.
然后便是公民个人信贷的问题。你我都知道经济大危机，以及我们的储蓄面临巨大风险。3月6日， 所有国有银行停业。一个月后，国有银行的90%储蓄都已被储户提空。如今，国有银行仅剩约5%的储蓄仍处于冻结状态。而州立银行的情况不适合用百分比进行描述，但我们也在推动更多资金解冻——而工作进展比我们3个月前的预期要好得多。
The problem of the credit of the individual was made more difficult because of another fact. The dollar was a different dollar from the one with which the average debt had been incurred. For this reason large numbers of people were actually losing possession of and title to their farms and homes. All of you know the financial steps which have been taken to correct this inequality. In addition the Home Loan Act, the Farm Loan Act and the Bankruptcy Act were passed.
但个人信贷问题却要棘手得多。因为现在美元已经和借债时的价值不同。也是因此，许多人正在丧失自己对农场和住房的实际拥有权。我们为改正这一不平等情况所采取了哪些财政措施，大家都心知肚明。除你们已知的措施之外，我们又通过了《房贷法》、《农场贷法》和《破产法》。
It was a vital necessity to restore purchasing power by reducing the debt and interest charges upon our people, but while we were helping people to save their credit it was at the same time absolutely essential to do something about the physical needs of hundreds of thousands who were in dire straits at that very moment. Municipal and State aid were being stretched to the limit. We appropriated half a billion dollars to supplement their efforts and in addition, as you know, we have put 300,000 young men into practical and useful work in our forests and to prevent flood and soil erosion. The wages they earn are going in greater part to the support of the nearly one million people who constitute their families.
减轻人民的债务本息负担，从而恢复人民的购买力是关键步骤，但在我们帮助人民维护信贷的同时，我们也必须满足当时成百上千万深陷水深火热之中的人民的基本需求。各市和各州的援助力度已几近极限。于是我们拨款5亿美元援助他们的救济工作，而且大家也知道，我们还雇佣了30万年轻人去美国的森林中，从事防洪与防水土流失的实际有效工作。很大程度上，他们的工资能够养活他们人数近百万的家人。
In this same classification we can properly place the great public works program running to a total of over Three Billion Dollars -- to be used for highways and ships and flood prevention and inland navigation and thousands of self-sustaining state and municipal improvements. Two points should be made clear in the allotting and administration of these projects -- first, we are using the utmost care to choose labor creating quick-acting, useful projects, avoiding the smell of the pork barrel; and secondly, we are hoping that at least half of the money will come back to the government from projects which will pay for themselves over a period of years.
我们同样可以用以工代赈的方法，将总额超30亿美元投入大型公共工程计划——高速公路、造船、防洪、内陆航运和成千上万项帮助各州各市实现经济自主的改进工程。而在分配执行这些工程时，我们一定要明确两点——第一点，我们要尽可能仔细地选择合格的劳动者、果断的行动以及实用的工程，还要避免出现分肥拨款的情况；第二，我们希望这些工程能在接下来的几年内创造收益，起码能将政府的投资返还一半。
Thus far I have spoken primarily of the foundation stones -- the measures that were necessary to re-establish credit and to head people in the opposite direction by preventing distress and providing as much work as possible through governmental agencies. Now I come to the links which will build us a more lasting prosperity. I have said that we cannot attain that in a nation half boom and half broke. If all of our people have work and fair wages and fair profits, they can buy the products of their neighbors and business is good. But if you take away the wages and the profits of half of them, business is only half as good. It doesn't help much if the fortunate half is very prosperous -- the best way is for everybody to be reasonably prosperous.
我刚才谈论的都是新政的基础工程——即政府必须采取措施，帮助重建信贷，并带领人民逆流而上，摆脱困境，尽可能为人民提供帮助。而现在，我会谈谈我们任何建立长久的繁荣。我曾说过，如果我们国家只有半数人民富裕，令半数人民却负重前行，这样是不可能实现长久繁荣的。如果我们全体人民都有工作，都有丰厚的薪水和利润，他们自然就可以购买邻家的产品，商业随后便会繁荣。但如果你把其中半数人民的工资利润抽走，那商业兴荣也会折损一半。另一半幸运儿再富裕也无济于事——最好的解决方法是让每个人都能生活富裕。
For many years the two great barriers to a normal prosperity have been low farm prices and the creeping paralysis of unemployment. These factors have cut the purchasing power of the country in half. I promised action. Congress did its part when it passed the farm and the industrial recovery acts. Today we are putting these two acts to work and they will work if people understand their plain objectives.
过去几年中，一直有两大障碍阻止我国重回繁荣，一是农产品的价格过低，二是过多失业人口导致过社会逐步瘫痪。上述两个因素使得美国的购买力直接暴跌一半。我向大家保证，我会采取行动。国会在通过《农业法》和《工业复兴法》后，就已经尽职。现在，我们正在实施这两项法案，但只有人民理解了这两项法案的直接目标，它们才能奏效。
First, the Farm Act: It is based on the fact that the purchasing power of nearly half our population depends on adequate prices for farm products. We have been producing more of some crops than we consume or can sell in a depressed world market. The cure is not to produce so much. Without our help the farmers cannot get together and cut production, and the Farm Bill gives them a method of bringing their production down to a reasonable level and of obtaining reasonable prices for their crops. I have clearly stated that this method is in a sense experimental, but so far as we have gone we have reason to believe that it will produce good results.
第一，《农业法》：该法案考虑到，我国半数人口的购买力都取决于农产品是否能得到一个合理的价位。过去，我们的农产品产量远超我们的需求量，也无法在萎靡的国际市场卖掉。解决方法，就是减少产量。如果没有政府的帮助，农民就无法统一削减产量，而《农业法》会帮助农民就产量降至一个合理范围，同时将农产品价格提升到其应有的价位。我已经声明，这一做法具有实验性意味，但是根据过去的经验，我们相信这一做法会产生积极结果。
It is obvious that if we can greatly increase the purchasing power of the tens of millions of our people who make a living from farming and the distribution of farm crops, we will greatly increase the consumption of those goods which are turned out by industry.
显然，只要我们能提高成百上千万务农者和农产品商的购买力，这样才能大幅拉升我们工业产品的销售量。
That brings me to the final step -- bringing back industry along sound lines.
Last Autumn, on several occasions, I expressed my faith that we can make possible by democratic self-discipline in industry general increases in wages and shortening of hours sufficient to enable industry to pay its own workers enough to let those workers buy and use the things that their labor produces. This can be done only if we permit and encourage cooperative action in industry because it is obvious that without united action a few selfish men in each competitive group will pay starvation wages and insist on long hours of work. Others in that group must either follow suit or close up shop. We have seen the result of action of that kind in the continuing descent into the economic Hell of the past four years.
之后我们就来到了最后一步——使国家实现工业复兴。去年秋季，我就曾多次表态，工业界可以通过自觉遵守规则，来提升工资，缩短工作时间，使得工人有足够的工资购买自己劳动生产出的产品。只有政府允许并鼓励工业界相互合作，我们才能完成这一目标，因为很明显，如果各方不一致行动，那么在相互竞争时，总有一些自私自利的企业，会只给工人发放微薄的工资，并拒绝缩短工作时间。其他企业要么模仿它们，要么在竞争中落入下风。这种行为导致的最终结果，便是过去四年中持续不断的经济绝境。
There is a clear way to reverse that process: If all employers in each competitive group agree to pay their workers the same wages -- reasonable wages -- and require the same hours -- reasonable hours -- then higher wages and shorter hours will hurt no employer. Moreover, such action is better for the employer than unemployment and low wages, because it makes more buyers for his product. That is the simple idea which is the very heart of the Industrial Recovery Act.
只有一个方法能扭转乾坤：如果所有竞争企业都同意向工人支付同等的工资——合理的工资——并规定同样的工作时长——合理的工作时长——那么涨工资和减工时就不会对任何企业家造成不利。而且，这对企业家的影响，也远胜过付给工人低薪甚至让工人失业，因为工资高了，企业的产品也就更能卖得出去。这一简单的思想，便是《工业复兴法》的核心。
On the basis of this simple principle of everybody doing things together, we are starting out on this nationwide attack on unemployment. It will succeed if our people understand it -- in the big industries, in the little shops, in the great cities and in the small villages. There is nothing complicated about it and there is nothing particularly new in the principle. It goes back to the basic idea of society and of the nation itself that people acting in a group can accomplish things which no individual acting alone could even hope to bring about.
基于大家通力合作的简单原则，我们便能够在全国范围内解决失业问题。只要我们的人民能够理解这一原则，我们就一定可以取得成功——无论在大企业还是小商店，无论在大城市还是小村庄。这一原则并不复杂，也无什么新颖之处。这一原则实际上是社会与国家的基本理念，即人们组成一个团体，就可以完成个人无法达成的目标。
Here is an example. In the Cotton Textile Code and in other agreements already signed, child labor has been abolished. That makes me personally happier than any other one thing with which I have been connected since I came to Washington. In the textile industry -- an industry which came to me spontaneously and with a splendid cooperation as soon as the recovery act was signed, -- child labor was an old evil. But no employer acting alone was able to wipe it out. If one employer tried it, or if one state tried it, the costs of operation rose so high that it was impossible to compete with the employers or states which had failed to act. The moment the Recovery Act was passed, this monstrous thing which neither opinion nor law could reach through years of effort went out in a flash. As a British editorial put it, we did more under a Code in one day than they in England had been able to do under the common law in eighty-five years of effort. I use this incident, my friends, not to boast of what has already been done but to point the way to you for even greater cooperative efforts this Summer and Autumn.
举个例子。我们通过《棉纺织法》等其他法案，禁止了雇佣童工。这是我来到华盛顿就职以来，做过的最开心的一件事。在棉纺织行业中，童工制是道德沦丧的制度，在我们刚签署复兴法时，该行业就自发找到我，表示愿意与我们同心协力。但是仅靠单独一个企业家是无法废除童工制的。如果某个企业家，或者某个州废除了童工制，他们的运营成本就会直线上升，无力再同其他企业或州进行竞争。多年来，舆论和法律都无法伤童工制分毫，但在《复兴法》通过的那一瞬间，童工制被取缔了。正如英国一名社评所说的那样，我们根据复兴法在一天内取得的成就，比英国的习惯法在过去85年的成就总和还要耀眼。我的朋友们，我的发言并非是为了吹嘘我们取得的成就，而是为大家在今年夏秋季的进一步团结合作指明方向。
We are not going through another Winter like the last. I doubt if ever any people so bravely and cheerfully endured a season half so bitter. We cannot ask America to continue to face such needless hardships. It is time for courageous action, and the Recovery Bill gives us the means to conquer unemployment with exactly the same weapon that we have used to strike down Child Labor.
去年冬天的困境，会一去不复返。美利坚民族勇敢且乐观，我猜，如果其他民族遇到我们的困境，哪怕只有一半的困难，他们都撑不下去。但是我们不能让美国继续面对这种不必要的困境了。现在是时候大胆行动了，《复兴法》将我们取缔童工制的方法，如法炮制到解决失业问题上。
The proposition is simply this:
其原理非常简单：
If all employers will act together to shorten hours and raise wages we can put people back to work. No employer will suffer, because the relative level of competitive cost will advance by the same amount for all. But if any considerable group should lag or shirk, this great opportunity will pass us by and we will go into another desperate Winter. This must not happen.
只要所有企业家一直采取行动，缩短工时，提升工资，我们就可以让失业人民重获工作岗位。因为所有企业家的竞争成本都会同等上升，所以没有人会因此遭受亏损。但是，只要有一个大企业未能跟上我们的步骤，或拒绝接受我们的领导，这次复兴的机会就会白白浪费，今年冬天我们会依旧深陷苦难。我们绝不允许这种情况发生。
We have sent out to all employers an agreement which is the result of weeks of consultation. This agreement checks against the voluntary codes of nearly all the large industries which have already been submitted. This blanket agreement carries the unanimous approval of the three boards which I have appointed to advise in this, boards representing the great leaders in labor, in industry and in social service. The agreement has already brought a flood of approval from every State, and from so wide a cross-section of the common calling of industry that I know it is fair for all. It is a plan --deliberate, reasonable and just -- intended to put into effect at once the most important of the broad principles which are being established, industry by industry, through codes. Naturally, it takes a good deal of organizing and a great many hearings and many months, to get these codes perfected and signed, and we cannot wait for all of them to go through. The blanket agreements, however, which I am sending to every employer will start the wheels turning now, and not six months from now.
结果数周的协商，我们已经向所有企业家发出一份契约。这一份契约几乎包含了所有人民给大型企业制定的执行标准。此前由我任命，分别代表工人、企业和社区服务的三大委员会都已批准了这一契约。该契约在各州得到了普遍支持，也得到了各行各业的广泛认可，所以我相信这一契约对所有人都是公平有益的。这一计划经过深思熟虑，合理且公平，能够通过法律形式用我们最重要的原则规范各个企业。当然，想要完善这些法规，使之能够满足各方需求，我们还需要下更大功夫，举办更多次听证会，再经过几个月的打磨，但是我们没有时间满足上述条件了。我发送给所有企业家的契约开始时间不是六个月后，而是即刻执行。
There are, of course, men, a few of them who might thwart this great common purpose by seeking selfish advantage. There are adequate penalties in the law, but I am now asking the cooperation that comes from opinion and from conscience. These are the only instruments we shall use in this great summer offensive against unemployment. But we shall use them to the limit to protect the willing from the laggard and to make the plan succeed.
当然，有少部分人会为自己谋私利，而阻挠我们的伟大目标。法律会将这些人绳之以法，但是我现在希望大家能发自内心、遵循良心地配合政府。你们的支持是政府在今年夏季解决失业问题的唯一手段。我们会尽可能地借助你们的支持，挫败企图阻挠我们的破坏分子，使得这一计划取得成功。
In war, in the gloom of night attack, soldiers wear a bright badge on their shoulders to be sure that comrades do not fire on comrades. On that principle, those who cooperate in this program must know each other at a glance. That is why we have provided a badge of honor for this purpose, a simple design with a legend. "We do our part," and I ask that all those who join with me shall display that badge prominently. It is essential to our purpose.
在战争中，士兵们趁夜晚发动进攻时，都会佩戴上一个明亮的标记，以避免友军误伤。那么，愿意与政府合作的企业，也应拥有一眼就能识别彼此的标志。因此，我们为该计划设计了一个荣誉徽章，一个设计简朴的图案，下面有一行字：“各尽其职”，我邀请所有同政府合作的人，把这个标志贴在醒目位置。这是我们工作不可或缺的一环。(译者注:该标志即著名的“蓝鹰”标志，专栏底部附原图案)
Already all the great, basic industries have come forward willingly with proposed codes, and in these codes they accept the principles leading to mass reemployment. But, important as is this heartening demonstration, the richest field for results is among the small employers, those whose contribution will give new work for from one to ten people. These smaller employers are indeed a vital part of the backbone of the country, and the success of our plans lies largely in their hands.
所有必需的大企业都主动提出了相关准则，并愿意接受政府额外附加的促进就业条款。虽然这一景象十分令人振奋，但是该计划最主要的部分，乃是那些小雇主们，他们每个人的加入，能都为1至10名失业者提供工作。这些小雇主的企业规模虽然不大，但确实国家经济支柱的重要组成部分，我们的计划能否成功，很大程度上取决于他们。
Already the telegrams and letters are pouring into the White House --messages from employers who ask that their names be placed on this special Roll of Honor. They represent great corporations and companies, and partnerships and individuals. I ask that even before the dates set in the agreements which we have sent out, the employers of the country who have not already done so -- the big fellows and the little fellows -- shall at once write or telegraph to me personally at the White House, expressing their intention of going through with the plan. And it is my purpose to keep posted in the post office of every town, a Roll of Honor of all those who join with me.
电报和信件不断送至白宫——各地的企业家都要求将自己的名字登记在我们的荣誉名册上。他们代表了各大企业、代表了他们的合作企业，也代表他们个人。我邀请全国尚未加入本计划的大小企业家，在政府的契约规定日期之前，也能亲自通过信件或电报，发送至白宫，告知我你们愿意加入政府的计划。我会在所有城镇的邮政局墙上，都张贴上荣誉名册，表扬愿意加入我们的人。
I want to take this occasion to say to the twenty-four governors who are now in conference in San Francisco, that nothing thus far has helped in strengthening this great movement more than their resolutions adopted at the very outset of their meeting, giving this plan their instant and unanimous approval, and pledging to support it in their states.
我想借本次谈话，向正在旧金山开会的24位州长说，你们在会议初始时，当即一致决定支持该计划，并保证在各自的州内执行该计划，这对联邦政府的复兴运动有莫大的帮助。
To the men and women whose lives have been darkened by the fact or the fear of unemployment, I am justified in saying a word of encouragement because the codes and the agreements already approved, or about to be passed upon, prove that the plan does raise wages, and that it does put people back to work. You can look on every employer who adopts the plan as one who is doing his part, and those employers deserve well of everyone who works for a living. It will be clear to you, as it is to me, that while the shirking employer may undersell his competitor, the saving he thus makes is made at the expense of his country's welfare.
对于因失业或恐惧而丧失信心的男男女女们，我可以说一句话鼓舞你们的话，我们已经通过了相关法案法规，还有一部分法案会在未来颁布，这些法案会提升你们的工资，让你们重新得到工作。你们可以认为，每一位加入该计划的企业家都是在尽自己的一份力量帮助你们，只要是靠工作挣钱养家的人，都应该尊重这些企业家。且你我都清楚，即使有些企业家拒绝承担责任、拒绝加入我们，即使他们的产品相比之下会有价格优势，但本质上是在牺牲国家利益以谋取私利。
While we are making this great common effort there should be no discord and dispute. This is no time to cavil or to question the standard set by this universal agreement. It is time for patience and understanding and cooperation. The workers of this country have rights under this law which cannot be taken from them, and nobody will be permitted to whittle them away, but, on the other hand, no aggression is now necessary to attain those rights. The whole country will be united to get them for you. The principle that applies to the employers applies to the workers as well, and I ask you workers to cooperate in the same spirit.
我们共同努力，奋勇前进之时，不应与彼此产生任何不和分歧。现在不是吹毛求疵，质疑我们共同契约的时候。现在，我们要做的是，耐心、理解与合作。我国工人根据该项法案，享有不可剥夺的权利，任何人也都无权剥夺工人的权利，而且，当前工人的权利，无需靠侵犯他人权利即可得到保障。全国人民为团结一致，为工人争取这些权利。上述原则不仅适用于企业家，同样适用于广大工人，我邀请美国工人也本着同样的精神，与政府齐心协力。
When Andrew Jackson, "Old Hickory," died, someone asked, "Will he go to Heaven?" and the answer was, "He will if he wants to." If I am asked whether the American people will pull themselves out of this depression, I answer, " They will if they want to." The essence of the plan is a universal limitation of hours of work per week for any individual by common consent, and a universal payment of wages above a minimum, also by common consent. I cannot guarantee the success of this nationwide plan, but the people of this country can guarantee its success. I have no faith in " cure-alls" but I believe that we can greatly influence economic forces. I have no sympathy with the professional economists who insist that things must run their course and that human agencies can have no influence on economic ills. One reason is that I happen to know that professional economists have changed their definition of economic laws every five or ten years for a very long time, but I do have faith, and retain faith, in the strength of common purpose, and in the strength of unified action taken by the American people.
当年，“老胡桃木”安德鲁·杰克逊逝世时，有人问，“他会上天堂吗？”然后有人回答，“只要他愿意，那么他就可以上天堂。”如果有人问我，美国人民能否战胜大萧条，那么我会回答，“只要美国人民愿意，他们就可以战胜大萧条。”这一计划的精髓就是，大家一致同意，共同限制工人每周的工作时间，共同为工人制定低薪标准。我个人无法保证这一国家计划能取得成功，但是美国人民可以。我不相信这个世界上有修复经济的“万能药”，但是我相信我们可以改变经济。我完全不能理解某些经济学家，他们坚信要顺其自然，认为人的力量无法扭转经济困局。他们这么做的原因，我猜可能是他们每5年或10年都会重新定义经济运转法则，这一情况已经持续良久，但是我相信，且永远相信，美国人民有了共同的目标，团结一致，一定能够战胜困境。
That is why I am describing to you the simple purposes and the solid foundations upon which our program of recovery is built. That is why I am asking the employers of the Nation to sign this common covenant with me -- to sign it in the name of patriotism and humanity. That is why I am asking the workers to go along with us in a spirit of understanding and of helpfulness.
这就是为何我会向你们阐述，我们复兴计划的大致目的是什么，我们所依赖的坚实基础是谁。这就是为何我邀请全国的企业家，同我一起签署这份契约——为了国家与人民。这就是为何我邀请工人们相互理解，彼此帮助，加入我们的复兴事业，一同奋勇向前。
声明：本人仅按照原文翻译内容，演讲内容不代表本人观点。此专栏仅供历史和英语交流学习使用，任何读者皆可引用本人的译本。
希望来学习英语的观众明白：我觉得这些专栏的主要精华在于英语原文，而并非我的译本，我的译本很大程度上只是供来学习历史的观众使用的。本人的英语水平一般，翻译得并不会多么精彩，只能在你看不懂时来帮助你了解这些演讲内容最基本的意思，而且翻译时难免会出现差错，切勿直接完全以我的译本为标准。如发现有翻译错误或者歧义内容，欢迎指正。
希望来学习历史的观众明白：任何历史人物都有一定的局限性，随着时代发展，很多观点看法可能已经不再适用今天的世界，西方的观点也不一定适用于我们。通过了解这些演讲，仅可给我们提供一个更全面了解过去和世界的渠道。我们可以从优秀的历史、当代人物身上学到很多，但是请保持独立思考，理性看待演讲内容，切勿全信或将其奉为真理。
