【干货之王】可能是唯一需要听的一节语法课（直播录像）
一、词性
- 可数名词不单写 a n./ the n.+定语
代词
复数
*read book（x）→read a/the/one's book(s)
- 名词在句首一般是主语 n. asdgfsdfksj 谓语
A of B, A是核心词
- 怎么样了
l v. this apple.
动词看不懂→我（怎么样了，灵活变动）这个苹果
- 及物动词 vt. 必须直接加宾语
I use（x）→this book that l use
- 不及物动词 vi. 不能加宾语
没有被动
发生：happen/occur/take place→sth happen/occur
增长：rise→sth rise
*特殊情况：Look at/ agree with/ deal with=vt.
- 用于形容名词
- 形容词大部分是前置
- 连词加句子 引导一个句子
并列两句完整句子: and, or, but, so
However, thus, therefore, furthermor，都是副词
Addkjahdsui, however, 句子.（x）→连词
- 关系连词 也不能单独引导一句话
*问句中上述词属于关系副词
If you can beat me.（x）
- 介词短语的作用
1.修饰名词
l play soccer in my school.(定语)
2.修饰动词
l play soccer in my school.(定语)
By doing
- 常用介词：
In 在...范围，实在范围，虚在范围：school/ environment
On 在上面：impact/ effect on n.
For 介词（为了）
连词（因为）后面加句子 =because
Of 对于：A of b of c, A是核心词
强调属性：Book of history & Book in history
Be of= have= be adj.
This book is of importance.
This book is important.
This book has importance.
With 和/用
To →
Over +n. 超过
抽象名词 对于=to/of
Sb think over sth.
Across 遍布，跨越
Around 遍布
V.+around
go/walk around 走来走去
lie around 骗来骗去
About 关于
About +跟数字有关的词 大约
Bwtween A and B
Bwtween +名词复数：Bwtween books 一堆书两两之间
At “在”
- 修饰 动词/形容词/副词
a. 一个 泛指，我今天看了篇论文, a paper
the. 就是让你去理解到底是“哪一个”, the book is good.
Population in our country is large.(x)
The population in our country is large. (√)
The population is large. （？）
The 翻译成“这个”
考试求稳 用代词替代the：our/ your book > the book
任何代词在阅读中 你需要去找指代→写作文用了代词，读者能不能get到这个代词代替谁
This./ lt. 主语 代替上一句话
- A +n. of 一堆
1. A of B 核心是A
*例外：A lot of books
2.A number of
The number of number+可数名词
An amount of
The amount of amount+不可数名词 amount=A great deal of
3.A large sum of 形容钱
二、句型
l love you.
l am happy.
l am in school
- 主 asdadasd定语 asdasdad 谓宾
定语=adj. 修饰名词
状语=adv. 修饰动词
句子做主语，谓语用单数
That these books are good is interesting.
- how/what/ where 引导
What you eat is an apple.
How you play soccer hurts you.
How to play soccer is a question.→how to do：固定搭配
- that 引导 that不充当任何成分，不代之任何成分
That you play tennis is interesting.
- 宾语从句that不要省略
1.写作中 宾语从句that不要省略，写that提醒自己后面还有一个完整句子
l think that you like to play soccer.
2.阅读中 要小心that可能省略
l think you like to play soccer.
- 套娃: l think that （主语从句）.
l think that That these books are good is interesting.
- 本质框架：关系连词+分句，主句（主谓宾）.
Although l think that That these books are good is interesting，主句.
- 本质：修饰动词
- 主句（主谓宾），关系连词+分句.
- 状语从句的常用关系连词
While 1.分句有进行时 一般是“当”
2.没有进行时 一般是“尽管”=although
Although/ though/ while
afhkaofha, though ashfasfase.
(但是)
As 1.介词：作为+n.
2.连词：句子
当/随着
因为 主句（一个现象）, as asduhaksdjasd.
正如 as sb/sth v. （句首/插入语）
As as
as adj. as 形容词修饰名词，找之修饰的名词
翻译：第一个as忽略，第二个as“正如”
本质就是形容词
l like this book that is red and this car.
1.没有逗号，限定(n.) that=which
l like this book that is red.
先行词作宾语
that/ which 可以省略
l like this book he read.
This book he read is good.
2.加逗号，非限定(n./句子)
看到定语从句 一定要去想修饰哪个词
想用来形容前面一句话，必须加逗号，用which
I like to read this book, which makes me happy.
I like to read these books, which makes me happy.
3.介词+定语从句 +完整句子
只能用which
此定语从句不会修饰前面一句话的，一般是名词
l like this book in which there are words.
l like this book in which l like.(x)
翻译
1）介词本身意思理解了
2）把which 替代成修饰词
l like this book on which there is an apple. 我喜欢这本书，在它上面，有一个苹果。
l know a lot of friends among which there are many doctors. 我认识很多朋友，在他们之间，有很多医生。
4.Where 和 when 引导的定语从句
作状语
Where 修饰地点，任何可以用in 来去描述的范围
When 修饰时间
在这个...里
l like the atmosphere/(situation) in your school where(=in which) l can learn many things.
我喜欢这个氛围，在这个氛围里，我可以学到很多事情。
带介词的定语从句（Where）修饰名词，作状语 →where+完整句子.
l like the atmosphere in your school where l can learn many things.
套娃本质，无限循环
l know a lot of friends among whom if l have many books, l will give them.
l know a lot of friends among whom if l have, if l am in Taiyuan, many books, l will give them.
“专有名词”+后面定语从句
l like WTO 20 years ago, which is an organization.
- Which不会用于状语从句，只有where/when需要区分状语从句和定语从句。
l can go to shanghai where l have many books. 定语从句
l can go to shanghai, where l have many books. 状语从句
翻译：l like December, when l can play soccer.
定语从句：我喜欢12月，在12月里，我能踢足球。
状语从句：只有当我能踢足球时，我才喜欢12月。
- 写作逻辑：我喜欢星期天，在星期天我可以踢足球。
读到有主谓宾→非谓语动词，本质：也是动词，但凡是动词你就要去想谁发出的动词。
1.没有逗号
l like this book making me happy.
2.有逗号的
l like this book, making me happy. (三合一)
逻辑思维链：making→be+Ving（进行时一定加be动词）→无be动词，不是进行时→不是谓语→非谓语→是非谓语→book缺谓语
This book making me happy(x)
This book making me happy is good.（√）
写作时，确保非谓语动词是主语发出的
Looking from a broad perspective, there is a trend. (x)
Looking from a broad perspective, we can see a trend. (√)
Looking from a broad perspective, l know this is good. (√)
Ving + 宾语 +谓语(单数)+宾语.
Ving + 宾语(从句套娃) (作主语) + 谓语(单数) + 宾语(从句套娃).
Thinking that you are good is good.
lt is adj. for sb to do sth.
It is portable for me to use my laptop. ( lt代替后面动词, x)
It is convenient for me to use my laptop. (√)
阅读中思维模式：是方便的，我用我的笔记本电脑。
lt is adj. that ...
It is important that we should read books.
阅读中思维模式：是很重要的，我们应该读书。
& It plays computer.
阅读中：去前文找it的指代，形式主语后面一般不加动词，肯定不是形式主语。
It seems important that you are right.（感官动词→系动词→be动词）
1. 本质：解释名词内容 只能用that
2. 同位语与定语从句的区别
定语从句→修饰
I like this piece of news that is fresh. 我喜欢这几则新闻，他们是新鲜的。
I like this school that
school没有内容，不能用同位语；
任何名词都可以被修饰，都可以用定语从句；
同位语→解释
I like this piece of news that l can read books. 我喜欢这几则新闻，他们的内容是我可以读这些书。
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们担心一件事，事情的内容是他们生病了。
I like this idea/opinion/new/story that
同位语用于解释名词本身内容是什么
3. 同位语从句，是句子，就可以套娃，永动机
I like this piece of news that when l was a kid, l could play soccer.
I like this piece of news that when l was a kid, l could play soccer which was popular at that time when everyone liked to exercise, making people healthy in China, where were many apples that were green.
★主干是I like this piece of news，其余都是解释部分。
本质：there be +n. 整体是一个完整的句子
There are doing that. (x)
There are apples. (√，完整句)
There are apples are red. (x，杂糅→定语从句/非谓语/介词短语/同位语)
There is no +n. 没有
be变形
There was/were/have been/had been n.
There might be
There is going to be n.
There exist n.
lt is adj. for sb to do sth. 形式主语
1. It is that . 强调句，非下划线部分去掉后为完整句子
There are many schools.创造强调语境→ It is my school that has this computer.
完整句子意味着强调部分可以为状语从句分句
When l was a kid, l could play soccer. 状语从句
It is when l was a kid that l could play soccer. 强调句
It is when l think that you are smart that l could play soccer. 套娃
2. Do +动词原形 强调句
I do/did like this book.
完全倒装
本质：宾谓主 ← 主谓宾
1. l love you.
2. Happy am l. ← l am happy.
happy打头→形容词不能当主语→谓语用am→主语是l
3. ln school am l ← l am in school.
Among many books is this book. ← This book is among many books.
among打头→介词短语不能当主语→谓语用is→主语是this book；强调很多书里我的书最好，打头先写出来；
否定副词打头 后面句子半倒装
本质：谓主宾 ← 主谓宾
Rarely have l finished this. ← l have rarely finished this.
Rarely could l finish this. ← l could rarely finish this.
我很少完成这件事，不会用现在时，一般都是完成时。
否定副词
Only/ rarely/ seldom/ hardly/ nor/ merely/ barely/ not only/ neither/ scarcely
With 介词短语 不能当主句
With djkahouhedjalnflanfjeaeafln, 主谓宾.
With n. 用/和
With A doing/done sth, 伴随着
核心/难点在A，伴随着A做一些事情/A被做，主谓宾
With this book that is red in China where you can play computers that are interesting making me happy, l will buy it.
With this book of history in China making me happy, l will buy it.
Without +n. 作状语 在没有...的情况下
状语 修饰动词 后置
l can read this book without a computer.
l can read this book without a computer that jansoausdhawk.
可以是任何东西任何形式，可以用逗号隔开——也可以用破折号隔开
最常见插入语形式
l like WTO, the/an organization(n.比被修饰的词范围大) that was established in 1900(定语从句/非谓语动词，修饰名词).
l like WTO, n.
WTO和n.都是名词，属于同一类，本质一样
n.是同位语，用于解释WTO是什么。
同位语与名词本质一样，需要区别于并列。
l like Huawei, a company that xxx.
三、时态
一般过去时 强调做这个动作；在过去的某个时间，某个人在做这个动作。
l played soccer.
完成时 在语境中用这个影响去说明其他事情，为上下文做铺垫；我已经做了这个事情，（所以其他事情）...
l have played soccer. So l can not play games with you today.
一般现在时 一定会发生
这些原因不一定会导致这些情况；不能用一般现在时。
There are some reasons that lead to this situation in the picture.
There are some reasons that might lead to this situation in the picture.
在过去，这些原因已经导致情况发生；用led。
There are some reasons that led to this situation in the picture.
过去完成时 在过去一段时间内，从开始到结束
l l l
唐 清 今
因为唐朝发布的政策，所以清朝不用发布政策，同时这个政策从唐到清过去一段时间内从开始到结束，用过去完成时。
现在完成时 过去的影响，一直持续到现在
唐朝给我们留下了很多文化遗产，这些文化遗产至今影响深远，所以我们现在的文化十分丰富。
现在完成进行时 从过去到现在，一直在做某件事
Have been doing 一直
【MY 整理于2023/2/25】
