K400V2S04S1Q01-Q10解析

Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. 

Arts/anthropology

Ojibwe / Tlingits / subsistence strategies 

新方法欢迎，老方法也不丢

①While Ojibwe Native American adapted traditional subsistence strategies to the changing conditions of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they also continued to practice older forms of subsistence. ②This pattern was successfully employed in many similar communities. ③Arnold has demonstrated that for Tlingits in Alaska, the commercial fishing industry offered new economic opportunities, even as the continuation of subsistence fishing enabled Tlingits to avoid domination by the market and to sustain their particular culture. ④Similarly, as the market economy expanded in the Lake Superior region, berry harvest and sale became an important source of seasonal income for the Ojibwe and was combined with wage labor in the lumber, mining, and fishing industries, while the older practice of berrying for subsistence continued.

尽管奥吉布瓦人为应对19世纪和20世纪早期的变化调整了传统生存策略，他们仍然保留了老的传统。这种模式在很多相似的群体都可以成功应用。A证实了对于阿拉斯加的特林吉特人来说，尽管继续保持原有自给自足的捕鱼方式可以使他们避免市场控制并保持特定文化，商业捕鱼产业还是带来了新的经济机会。同样，当市场经济扩展到苏必略湖区，浆果采摘和销售变成奥吉布瓦人季节性收入的重要来源，同时和伐木、开矿、渔业的劳动雇佣结合在一起。与此同时，传统的浆果采摘依然在持续。

1. The passage suggests which of the following regarding the “berry harvest and sale”?

细节题 推断题 易

A

A. It was an adaptation of a subsistence practice in response to changing circumstances 符合第一句描述 

B. It played a more important role in Ojibwe economy than did wage labor in the mining industry. 没有比较关系。

C. It played a less important role in Ojibwe economy that did berrying for subsistence. 没有比较关系。

D. It is an example of submission to market domination. 没有submission的证据或者无关，市场控制是特林吉特的情况。

E. It represented a loss of indigenous culture. 相反。老方法并没丢弃。

2. Arnold’s work is mentioned in the passage primarily in order to 

功能题 目的题 易

A说的特林吉特人是一个类似的例子。

C

A. illustrate how traditional American Indian practices were superseded by newer practices 相反。没有被superseded

B. compare certain traditional practices of Tlingit and Ojibwe Indians 并没有做两个人群传统做法上的比较。

C. provide an example of the fruitful use of an approach 符合第二句的信息

D. demonstrate the pitfalls of generalizing about a topic 没有pitfall和generalizing的证据

E. answer misgivings regarding the effects of a change 回答一个变化影响的疑虑。没有misgivings的证据

生词摘录：

indigenous 当地的，本土的

pitfall 陷阱，圈套

misgivings 疑虑，担忧，害怕

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage

Arts/architecture

archetects / Italian Renaissance / Baroque

文艺复兴时期建筑师对材料的态度

①A primary value in early twentieth-century Modernist architectural theory was that of “truth to materials”, that is, it was essential that a building’s design express the “natural” character of the building materials. ②This emphasis would have puzzled the architects of the Italian Renaissance (sixteenth century), a period widely regarded as the apex of architectural achievement, for Renaissance architects’ designs were determined only minimally by the materials employed. 

①The diversity of Italy’s natural resources provided Renaissance architects with a wide variety of building materials. ②The builders of the Pitti Palace (1558-1570) used great blocks of Tuscan stone, just as Etruscans living in the same part of Italy had done some twenty centuries earlier. ③Had the Florentine Renaissance builders aped the Etruscans style, it might be said that their materials determined their style, since Etruscans style matched the massive, stark, solid character of the stone. ④But these same materials, which so suited the massive Etruscans style, were effectively used by the Florentine Renaissance to create the most delicate and graceful of styles.

①A similar example of identical materials used in contrasting styles characterizes the treatment of Roman travertine marble, when Baroque architects of seventeenth-century Rome desired a massive and solid monumental effect, they turned to travertine marble, whose “natural effect” is, indeed, that of spacious breadth and lofty, smoothly rounded surface. ②Yet during the Renaissance, this same material had been used against its “nature, “in the Florentine tradition of sharply carved detail. 

①Italian Renaissance architecture was shaped less by the “nature” of the materials at hand than by the artistic milieu of Renaissance Italy, which included painting and sculpture as well as architecture. ②While roman travertine marble may have lent itself to fine carving, the Florentine passion for fine detail is no less marked in Florentine Renaissance painting than in Florentine Renaissance architecture. ③Similarly, in the next century, the emphasis on shading and corporeal density in Baroque painting mirrored the use of Roman travertine marble in Baroque architecture to create broad shadow and powerful masses.

①The ingenuity of renaissance architects extended beyond merely using a material in a way not suggested by its outward natural appearance. ②If they conceived a design that called for a certain material either too expensive or difficult to work with, they made no scruple about imitating that material. ③Their marbles and their stones are often actually painted stucco. ④When the blocks of masonry with which they built were not in scale with the projected scheme, the real joints were concealed and false ones introduced. ⑤Nor were these practices confined, as some scholars insist, to the later and supposedly decadent phases of the art. ⑥Material, then, was utterly subservient to style. 

二十世纪初期现代主义建筑理论的主要价值观在于“对材料的诚实”，即建筑设计必须表达建筑材料的“自然”特征。这种强调会使意大利文艺复兴时期（十六世纪）—这个时期被普遍视为建筑成就的顶峰—的建筑师感到困惑，因为文艺复兴时期建筑师的设计只是最低限度地被所用材料所决定。

意大利自然资源的多样性为文艺复兴时期的建筑师提供了各种各样的建筑材料。皮蒂宫（1558-1570）的建造者使用了大块的托斯卡纳石头，正如生活在意大利同一地区的伊特鲁里亚人在二十多个世纪前所做的那样。假如佛罗伦萨文艺复兴时期的建筑师模仿了伊特鲁里亚风格的话，那么或许可以说他们的材料决定了他们的风格，因为伊特鲁里亚风格与石头的巨大的，质朴的，坚实的特征相匹配。但是，这些如此适合宏伟的伊特鲁里亚风格的同样的材料，却被佛罗伦萨文艺复兴时期的艺术家们有效地利用来创造出了最细腻优雅的风格。

另一个相似的把同样的材料用于迥异的风格的例子描述了（人们）对罗马石灰华大理石的使用。当十七世纪罗马的巴洛克式建筑师想要一个巨大而坚实的不朽效果时，他们转向了石灰华大理石，其“天然效果”实际上是宽敞宽阔，高耸平滑的表面。然而在文艺复兴时期，这种相同的材料被违反它的“本质”而使用，用于精雕细琢的佛罗伦萨的传统。

相比于被手边的材料的“本质”所塑造，意大利文艺复兴时期的建筑形式更多地是被意大利文艺复兴时期的艺术环境所塑造的，后者包括绘画和雕塑以及建筑。当罗马石灰华大理石适宜于精雕细琢时，文艺复兴时期的佛罗伦萨对于精致细节的热爱，在佛罗伦萨文艺复兴的绘画中体现得却不少于佛罗伦萨文艺复兴时期的建筑。同样，在下个世纪，巴洛克绘画中对阴影和物质密度的强调，反映出了巴洛克式建筑中使用罗马石灰华大理石以创造广阔的阴影和强有力的质量。

文艺复兴时期的建筑师的独创性不限于仅仅以一种用外在的自然外观看不出来的方式来使用该材料。如果他们构想出一种需要某种太昂贵或者太难使用的材料的设计，他们对模仿这种材料毫不顾忌。他们的大理石和石头实际上往往是彩绘灰泥。当他们所建造的石方与规划方案不成比例的时候，真正的接合处被隐藏起来，引入了假的。这些实践也并不像一些学者所坚持（认为）的那样，局限于艺术的后期和可能的颓废阶段。那么（可以得出结论，文艺复兴时期），材料完全服从于风格。

3. The passage is primarily concerned with

功能题 主旨题 中

文章讨论的是十七世纪意大利建筑师对建筑材料使用的态度。

E

A. explaining the differences in quality among different kinds of building materials 解释不同种类建筑材料的质量差异。没有质量差异的证据。

B. discussing the differences among Etruscan, Florentine Renaissance, and Roman Baroque architecture 讨论伊特鲁里亚人，佛罗伦萨文艺复兴和罗马巴洛克式建筑之间的差异。完全以偏概全。

C. describing how different materials influenced architecture in different cities 描述不同的材料如何影响不同城市的建筑。文章讨论的是建筑风格不收材料影响。

D. describing the manner in which Renaissance architects often resorted to artificial materials and illusionistic effects 描述文艺复兴时期的建筑师经常诉诸人造材料和虚假效果的方式。以偏概全

E. demonstrating the attitude of sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Italian architects toward the use of building materials.符合。

4. The author of the passage mentions the Renaissance practices of substituting stucco for marble and of concealing joints in blocks of masonry in order to support the contention that Renaissance architects were

功能题 目的题 难

题干信息来自文章倒数第三句。可以理解为：砖石建筑使用的石料的大小太小，和整个建筑的巨大体格不成比例，所以导致石料的接合处看起来很丑。这时候，他们就把真正的接合处藏在后面，在外面做个假的、符合比例的接合处。符合这段主旨，建筑不受限于材料。

E

A. innovative in their creation of new building materials and new methods of design 没有创造新建筑材料的证据

B. inexpert in their ability to tailor their designs to the practical demands of construction 相反。并非没有经验。

C. decadent in their techniques throughout the Renaissance, not just in its later phases 相反。与原文后一句矛盾。

D. not sufficiently knowledgeable about the use of their tools 相反/没有证据

E. consistent in imposing their requirements on materials without undue consideration of the materials’ “natures” 符合

5. The author’s mention of Florentine painting serves in the context of the passage to support which of the following assertions?

功能题 目的题 难

B

对应倒数第二段信息。意大利文艺复兴时期的绘画和雕塑以及建筑会表现出相似的风格。因为它们的风格都是由意大利文艺复兴时期的艺术环境决定的。当时，建筑风格是精雕细琢——精细；当时，绘画的风格同样是精细。两者对精致细节的热爱是不相上下。绘画反映了建筑——两者风格相互呼应。

A. The constraints that operate in architecture are different from those that operate in painting. 相反

B. Florentine architectural style was not determined by the nature of the available marble. 最终都是为了服务主旨，不受材料影响，受到的是艺术环境的影响。

C. The Florentine Renaissance period was a period in which the other arts achieved the same distinction as did architecture. 其他艺术和建筑同样杰出。没有杰出、成就的证据

D. Technical advances in all of the arts of the Florentine Renaissance determined the stylistic qualities of those arts. 没有advances的证据

E. Native preferences of style do not manifest themselves in the same ways in different arts. 没有native preference的证据

6. Question not available

Question 7 is based on this passage

Sciences/environmental science

chemical solvent / Calatrex / leptococcus bacteria

减少化学溶剂排放

For many years, the dumping of increasing annual amounts of the chemical solvent Calatrex into Lake Passat has caused a steady rise in the levels of leptococcus bacteria in the lake’s water. Calatrex itself has no direct effect on leptococcus levels, but, in water, Calatrex breaks down over a year’s time into certain substances that foster the proliferation of leptococcus. After years of protest, the dumping has finally just been stopped.

许多年来，P湖中化学溶剂C的排放量逐年增加导致湖水中L菌稳定上升。C本身对L的含量没有直接影响，但是在水体中，C在超过一年的时间里降解形成的物质会加速L的增长。多年抗议之后，排放终于被禁止。

7. Which of the following is most strongly supported by the information given?

逻辑单题 逻辑支持 易

D

下面哪个可以被上文信息支持。不是加强题，是推断题。

A. Concentration of Calatrex in Lake Passat’s water will remain undiminished for at least a year. 湖中的C至少一年内不会减少。推不出来。反而应该可能减少，因为会降解。

B. Fostering the proliferation of leptococcus is the only effect that the dumping of Calatrex had on bacteria in Lake Passat’s water. 推不出是不是唯一的影响。

C. The proliferation of leptococcus in Lake Passat’s water has been the most serious consequence of dumping Calatrex into Lake Passat. 是不是最严重的也推不出来。

D. The levels of leptococcus in Lake Passat’s water will rise for some time. 湖中L的含量会上升一段时间。是的，因为就算现在已经停止排放C了，原有的C的降解依然会导致L上升。

E. Leptococcus bacteria were not present in any significant quantities in Lake Passat’s water before Calatrex began to be dumped into the lake. 在C排放之前，L没有大量出现过。属于加强，相当于否命题，不能算推断。

Questions 8 and 10 are based on this passage

Sciences/geomorphology 

geomorphology / sediment trasport / sediment storage / chemical weathering / fluid mechanics

地貌学不关注沉积物的储存只关注传输是不对的。

①In river science, as in all sciences, there is an accepted way of analyzing problems. ②This standardized way of collecting and analyzing data allows a cleaner comparison of results between sites or time periods, or an evaluation of the effectiveness of different management activities. ③Often this involves a preconceived reference frame for types of problems. ④What is gained in the efficient production of knowledge, however, is potentially lost for the potential of novel observation.

①In the case of sediment transport, during the last century, river scientists have shown much less concern for sediment storage than for sediment movement, even though any given sediment particle is likely to spend centuries to millennia in storage on a floodplain or in bars [submerged banks of sediment] and only days to weeks in actual transport. ②Meade suggest that were geomorphologist to have focused on individual sediment particles’ movements beyond just the reach [a short, straight segment of a river] scale, emphasis from the research community would have inevitably focused on sediment storage, and thus on the processes that sediment undergoes during storage rather than on the processes of mobilizing sediment. ③Fluvial geomorphology would probably then have been dominated by studies of chemical weathering rather than fluid mechanics. ④The preference for Eulerian-based studies of sediment fluxes and the processes that determine those fluxes have arguably biased the research agenda of geomorphologist for several decades.

跟其他科学一样，河流科学中也有分析问题的常规方法。这种收集、分析数据的标准方法使得不同地点、时间的结果比较和不同操作活动的效果评价都更符合规则。通常会有一个可参考的问题类型框架。然而，这种高效有损失新观察的风险。

在上世纪对沉积物传输的研究中，相对于沉积物运动，科学家不太关注沉积物的储存，尽管储存要花成百上千年，而传输只需要几天到几周。M认为，如果地貌学家不只关注一个沉积物颗粒在一小段河流中的运动，研究界的就会关注到沉积物的储存，而不仅仅只关注运动的沉积物。河流地貌学就会以化学风化为主而非流体力学。基于欧拉法的流体力学对于沉积物流动及过程的研究把地貌学带偏了好几个年代。

8. Which statement best describes the organization of the passage?

结构题 难

答案：A

第一段讲river science中一个通常的分析问题的方法；第二段用一个例子来说明，上述的方法不好，如果换个研究焦点就会不一样了。

A. The first paragraph describes a general scientific approach and the second paragraph discusses how a specific instance of that approach might have turned out differently.对应文章结构

B. The first paragraph articulates a scientific theory and the second paragraph provides evidence validating that theory.第二段没有在validate第一段

C. The first paragraph provides an overview of a common practice and the second paragraph describes the benefits and drawbacks of that practice.第二段没有benefits

D. The first paragraph outlines a widespread problem and the second paragraph shows one way the effects of that problem have been mitigated.第二段没有mitigate第一段提出的问题

E. The first paragraph discusses a line of research and the second paragraph speculates on how that line of research has changed in response to new evidence. 没有new evidence

9. The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about river scientists?

态度题 中

作者认为河流科学家应该多研究沉积物的储存，而非运动。

E

A. The emphasis they have placed on particle movements within the reach scale has led to a misuse of Eulerian-based studies. 无关，前后信息杂糅。同时也没有misuse的证据。

B. Their preference for studies of fluid mechanics has given them an inaccurate understanding of the processes sediment undergoes during storage. 无关。流体力学是来研究运动而非储存的。

C. Their use of multiple preconceived reference frames has led to a distorted view of sediment transport. 他们对事先形成的参考框架的使用歪曲了对于沉积物传输的理解。没有distorted的证据。原文最后一句只是说研究方向有点跑偏。

D. The novel observations about sediment storage they have forgone are offset by their insights into chemical weathering. 没有offset的证据，同时相反，他们也没关注化学风化。

E. The attention they have paid to sediment movement is disproportionate to the amount of time sediment is in motion. 他们给予沉积物传输的关注相对于沉积物运动的时间来说是不成比例的。符合二段首句信息。

10. If, instead of doing what they did, geomorphologists had done what Meade suggests, which of the following would likely have been a consequence?

细节题 中

ABC

A. More research focused on floodplains and bars 易漏选。对应二段首句。冲积平原和沙洲也正是沉积物储存的环境。

B. A richer understanding of chemical weathering 符合文章倒数第二句

C. Considerably fewer studies of fluid mechanics in river science 同上