印度德里苏丹国史- 旧入侵者为什么打不过新同事

巴布尔三战定印度，灭信得和德里，伏旁遮普和孟加拉。统一印度河流域和恒河流域。 A reason that is commonly given for this is that there was no united stand by Indian kings against invaders. There could in fact be no such united stand by them, because, from the Indian point of view, there was no we/they divide between Indians and invaders. The Indian ruling class viewed Turks not as foreigners but as a component in the ever-shifting population conglomeration of India. And the establishment of the Turkish rule in India was seen by them as just an aspect of the normal political turmoil in India. As for the common people, it made virtually no difference in their lives whether rajas or sultans ruled over them. 一个经常提到的原因是，面对入侵者，印度的诸王国没有基本的团结。实际上印度诸王国自己不可能团结。因为，在印度视角看来，印度人和入侵印度的民族没有什么区别。印度本土统治集团（注：防和谐替换原文）视（泛）突厥入侵为竞争者而非外国人。（泛）突厥统治者和印度本土统治者争取不断变动的印度民族聚合物。突厥人在印度确立的新统治模式被印度本土统治阶级开了只不过是寻常的印度政治骚动。而对于普通人印度教公王还是穆斯林苏丹骑在他们头上，没有本质的区别

印度王爷狡猾又残忍，外国苏丹残忍又狡猾 ---------------------------------------- There was no concept of India as a nation at this time. Indians did not look like one people or speak like one people—the language of the people of one region of India was entirely unintelligible to the people of the other regions of India. And each of these regional groups was itself divided into several discrete socio-cultural groups based on caste and sect. India in medieval times was just a geographical region, like Europe, not a nation. At best India could be considered as a distinct civilisation, but in this too India was not much different from Europe. India was in fact even more fragmented than Europe, because of the innumerable sectarian and caste divisions among each of its regional people. 当时还没有印度作为一个国家的概念。印度人看起来不像一个民族，说话也不像一个民族。印度一个地区的人说的语言对印度其他地区的人来说是完全听不懂的。而每一个地区群体本身又根据种姓和教派划分为几个独立的社会文化群体。中世纪的印度只是一个地理区域不是一个国家。就像欧洲大陆一样。在最好的情况下，印度可以被认为是一个独特的文明。但在这一点上，印度与欧洲并没有太大的不同。事实上，印度比欧洲更分裂，因为每个地区人民之间存在着恒河沙数的宗派和种姓分歧。

英属印度的行政区划。英属印度是由印度各地贵族组成的殖民地。是以印治印的典范，突出的核心思想就是地方高度自治，然后政治互相纠葛完全混乱。英国人作为调停人干涉印度邦国内政。 ---------------------------------------- In any case, the lack of political unity is hardly a convincing reason for the dismal military performance of Indian kings against invaders, for many of the Indian kings had under their command greater resources in men and materials than the invaders. But what mattered in battles was not the numerical strength of the army, but its martial spirit and energy, and in this the Indian armies were inferior to the invading armies, perhaps because of the sweltering, debilitating climate of India. 在任何情况，缺少政治团结都不能令人信服地说明印度诸王对付入侵者的糟糕表现。很多印度王公指挥着比入侵者更有人力战力优势的武装。但在战斗中，重要的不是军队的数量，而是它的武德和武魂，在这两点上，印度军队不如入侵者。这也许是因为印度的闷热，使人虚弱的气候。 The awareness of this adverse effect of Indian climate on people made some of the invaders conduct their campaigns into India only during the relatively cool months of the year. Mahmud Ghazni, for instance, conducted his raids into India mostly during the cool, rainless months between October and February; similarly, Timur took care to restrict his Indian campaign to the six months between September and March. 由于意识到印度气候对人们的不利影响。一些侵略者只在一年中相对凉爽的月份才在印度用兵。例如，马哈茂德·加兹尼皇帝在本年10月至次年2月间凉爽、少雨的月份对印度发动袭击。同样，帖木儿.伯克小心翼翼地将他的印度战役限制在9月到3月之间的六个月。 ------------------------------------------------------- 长舌翁注： 来一段Mahmud Ghazni征服北印度的简介 By 1001, Mahmud had turned his attention to the fertile lands of the Punjab, now in India, which lay southeast of his empire. The target region belonged to fierce but fractious Hindu Rajput kings, who refused to coordinate their defense against the Muslim threat from Afghanistan. In addition, the Rajputs used a combination of infantry and elephant-mounted cavalry, a formidable but slower-moving form of army than the Ghaznavids' horse cavalry. 在公元1001年，Mahmud Ghazni开始注意印度旁遮普地区肥沃的土壤（旁遮普意译是五河，印度河左岸中游地区，是印度河流域最好的耕地。）。旁遮普在伽色尼帝国的东南。旁遮普地区的统治者属于武德充沛但分裂成渣的印度教拉其普特王公。这些拉其普特诸侯王在面对阿富汗穆斯林入侵军威胁时，拒绝联合抵抗。另外，拉其普特诸侯王勇战象骑兵和步兵联合作战，形成坚固但缓慢的军阵。而伽色尼王雄的马骑兵更快。 Over the next three decades, Mahmud of Ghazni would make more than a dozen military strikes into Hindu and Ismaili kingdoms to the south. By the time of his death, Mahmud's empire stretched to the shores of the Indian Ocean at southern Gujarat. 纵横三十载，马哈茂德.伽色尼皇帝讨伐印度和南方穆斯林王国超过12次。在皇帝驾崩之时，伽色尼帝国的南部边界到达了到南古吉拉特邦的印度洋沿岸。

一张图解释两件事。 1.拉杰普特诸侯王碎片到什么程度。拉贾斯坦邦就是原来西拉杰普特诸侯王的领土。在印度独立之前有18家印度教王公和2家阿富汗萨拉达尔军阀统治这片土地。这20家诸侯都是有军队的。拉贾斯坦邦的意思就是王爷特别多的邦。同时代同面积的中国青海省，军阀就一家。要是算上面积稍大一点的四川，城连县跨州府的军阀不过超过十个。比拉贾斯坦邦少得多。 2.Mahmud Ghazni皇帝第一次在古吉拉特看见海，非常高兴。因为可以设立海关收关税了。

英国统治印度时期，各小邦国军队的老枪，现在还在给民兵使用。 ---------------------------------------- Mahmud appointed local vassal kings to rule in his name in many of the conquered regions, easing relations with non-Muslim populations. He also welcomed Hindu and Ismaili soldiers and officers into his army. However, as the cost of constant expansion and warfare began to strain the Ghaznavid treasury in the later years of his reign, Mahmud ordered his troops to target Hindu temples and strip them of vast quantities of gold. 在很多征服地区马哈茂德任命当地世袭国王以马哈茂德皇帝的名义统治，以缓和与非穆斯林人口的关系。马哈茂德皇帝也欢迎印度教徒和伊斯玛仪派信徒在他的军队里担任士兵和军官。但持续不断扩张和作战的巨大花销还是侵蚀了马哈茂德皇帝的国库。在马哈茂德皇帝统治的晚年，他命令自己的士兵去抢印度教神庙并掠夺了大量黄金。

印度神庙现在还保留着金顶。

印度黑魔法防御道具：纯洁的黄金。印度教认为黄金神圣纯洁是象征。纯金的贡品是对神灵的尊重。所以在印度教寺院，有保存大量黄金器物的保险柜。另外印度贵族的骨灰盒也是纯金的，保存在寺院里。