2024中考｜超全干货整理｜中考英语知识点大汇总｜第二弹

第二十六课时    句子的类型（一）

 

教学重点

句子的类型：陈述句

陈述句（包括肯定的或否定的）用来叙述一项事实。陈述句的结构分为肯定结构和否定结构两种。

1、陈述句的肯定结构

（1）主语与谓语的一致，句子中的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上必须一致。如：

I was having dinner when he came in.

He is now working at a bank.

①谓语只跟主语的中心词保持一致，修饰词不影响主语的数：

The quality of this kind of bike is poor.

There be结构和其他倒装句中，谓语通常放在主语的前面，这时谓语是单数还是复数，要依后面的主语而定，如：

There is no milk in the bottle.

There are no students iin the classroom.

②“one of ……”结构作主语，谓语应该用单数。如：

One of the students is absent.

Making things is a good activity.

What hurt her most is his words.

③由and连接两个或两个以上的名词，由“both…and…”连接的两个成分作主语，其谓语动词通常用复数形式，如：

Susan and Sally like pop music.

The worker and the peasant are going to give us a talk.

④单数名词后面有下面词语修饰时，主语不受这些词或词组的影响

with…. like… as well as… together with…

He, as well as his classmates, likes popular songs.

Mr Li, together with his wife and two songs, is on holiday these days.

⑤由连词“either…or…”,“neither…nor…”,“not only…but also…”,also, nor, or连接两个名词或代词，谓语动词的形式应与最近的主语保持一致

Neither I nor my brother is good at maths.

Either you or I’m wrong.

注意：表示数量、时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。用于数学运算的数字作主语，谓语通常也用单数形式。如：

Ten pounds is enough. Two hours is a long time.

2、陈述句的否定形式

（1）带有系动词、助动词、情态动词的肯定句，只要把not, never加在这些动词后面，就能把肯定句变为否定，no通常否定名词或动名词

I’m not a doctor. I haven’t got a camera.

I have never met him before.

（2）若谓语是行为动词，前面又没有助动词和情态动词，只要在谓语动词之前加助动词do( does, did ) not就行。

I didn’t go to the concert yesterday.

He doesn’t speak English

（3）no修饰复数名词作主语，谓语动词要用复数。如果no修饰单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数。如：

No men are admitted No man is admitted.

（4）表示部分否定的词有：not all, not everything, not everybody, not everywhere, not both, not always.

Not everybody enjoys fishing.

Not everything goes well.

 

第二十七课时    句子的类型（二）

 

教学重点

句子的类型：疑问句

疑问句是用来提出疑问的句子，疑问句末尾用问号“？”。疑问句一般分为：一般疑问句；特殊疑问句；选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

1、一般疑问句

(1) 含有系动词、助动词、情态动词的陈述句改为疑问句：要把这些动词提到主语的前面，句末用问号。

Are you a policeman? Must I go now?

(2) 如果谓语是行为动词，它前面又没有任何助动词、情态动词，这时就要用助动词do ( does, did )来构成疑问句。

Does he often write to you ?

Did you enjoy yourself last Sunday?

2、特殊疑问句

(1) 特殊疑问句由“疑问词+一般疑问句”构成，其中一般疑问句又采取倒装或部分倒装的形式。

(2) 特殊疑问句的疑问词通常分为疑问代词和疑问副词两种。

3、选择疑问句

它的结构是“一般疑问句 + or + 一般疑问句“，回答这类问题时要选择其中一种具体进行回答。

Is her brother a doctor or a teacher?

Her brother a doctor.

4、反意疑问句

反意疑问句由一个陈述句和一个简略形式的疑问句构成，中间用逗号隔开。通常有两种形式：

① 陈述句谓语用肯定形式 + 疑问句谓语用否定形式；

He is stupid, isn’t he?

② 陈述句谓语用否定形式 + 疑问句谓语用肯定形式；

He doesn’t like sports, does he?

(5) 如果陈述部分是主从复合句，那么疑问部分的谓语应该跟主语的谓语所用形式一样。

You never told us you are the headmaster, did you?

注意：

① used to用在句中时，也可用usen’t 或usedn’t来引起反意疑问句。He used to swim in winter, didn’t he? = 

He used to swim in winter, usen’t he?

② 当陈述句中的主语为everybody, everyone, anyone, nobody, none, no one时，疑问部分通常要用they来代替。

    Everybody admires him, don’t they?

③ 如果陈述句部分已经用了表示否定意义的词，如never, nothing, hardly,那么疑问部分应该使用肯定形式。

He never speaks loudly, does he?

④ 当陈述句部分的主语为everything, nothing, anything, something时，疑问部分的主语要用it.

Something is wrong with the machine, isn’t it?

Everything is in good order, isn’t it?

⑤ 祈使句的反意疑问句部分要用shall, will。

Let’s表示第一人称的祈使句，所以反意疑问句为“shall we?”, let me 和let us表示第二人称的祈使句，反意疑问句为“will you?”，其他行为动词引起的祈使句，反意疑问句都为“will you?”。祈使句的反意疑问句通常只有肯定形式。

Let’s go for a walk, shall we?

Let’s stop for a rest, will you?

⑥ 感叹句的反意疑问句要用“be”的现在时，对人的感叹，用“he”“you”等，对事物的感叹，用“it”，而且疑问部分必须用否定式。

What a clever boy, isn’t he?

What a wonderful lecture, isn’t it?

  

第二十八课时    句子的类型（三）

教学重点

句子的类型：祈使句  感叹句

祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等等，谓语动词一律用原形。句中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹号或者句号。

1、肯定的祈使句

(1) 句型：动词原形……（省略主语）。如：

Look at these holes! Please keep the classroom quiet.

(2) 有时，为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加do。

Do be quiet. Do study hard.

(3) 祈使句中如果有呼语，一定要用逗号“，”隔开。放在句首或句尾。Come here, Li Ming.

2、否定的祈使句

(1) 句型：Don’g + 动词原形……

Don’t make the same mistake.

Don’t look out of the windows.

(2) 祈使句与陈述句的改写

祈使句=You must ……

Be quiet. = you must be quiet.

Don’t make any noise = You mustn’t make any noise.

Please + 祈使句 = Will you please ……？

Please read after me = Will you please read after me?

3、祈使句Let…句型

Let作为动词常常用于祈使句，但表达意义不相同

Let表示“建议”后面跟第一人称代词作宾语。

Let’s go to school together! Let me try again.

Let表示“间接命令或愿望”，后面接第三人称代词作宾语。

Let him work out the problem by himself.

Let Li Ping be monitor.

 

感叹句表示说话时的惊讶、喜悦、气愤等情绪，带有强烈的感情色彩。感叹句主要有两种：

What + 名词词组；

What a beautiful day it is!

How + 形容词或副词

How well they have learned English!

How well he swims!

注意：

What 修饰单数可数名词时，如果这一名词有形容词修饰，也可以用how来引导感叹句，但是不定冠词a, an要放在形容词的后面。

What a beautiful park!

How beautiful a park it is!

 

补充练习

按要求进行句型转换

1. We have many cakes for supper （变为否定疑问句）

2. I would like a cup of tea, please. （变为一般疑问句）

3. He is a teacher, (a student) （改为选择疑问句）

4. It is a nice box. （改为感叹句）

5. The workers are working hard. （改为感叹句）

6. Tom is sitting on the desk. （改为否定的祈使句）

7. Everything is ready, ___________ ?  （以下改为反意疑问句）

8. This isn’t your book, _____________ ?

9. Don’t look out of the window, _____________ ?

  

第二十九课时    句子的分类（一）

 

教学重点

简单句及简单句的五种基本句型

1、SVC结构（主语+系动词+表语）

在这种句型中，动词必须是系动词，在动词之后跟有表语。表语可以是名词（词组），形容词（词组），副词（词组）等。如：

The teacher is kind. She looks fine.

My son became a doctor at last.

系动词除be外，常见的还有keep, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, grow, get, go, turn

2、SV结构（主语+不及物动词）

(1) 在这个结构中，动词是不及物动词，动词后边没有宾语，如：

My head aches. He is singing.

(2) 有些动词后边必须带有状语，否则意思就不明确。如：

The professor lives in Beijing.

We stayed in China for a few days.

常见的不及物动词有：sleep, walk, swim, happen, take place, go, come, work, laugh, stay.

3、SVO结构（主语+及物动词+宾语）

在这个结构中，谓语动词必须是及物动词，在动词后边跟有宾语。

He can drive a car. They speak English.

有些不及物动词后面加上介词或副词可以把它看成一个及物动词，这时后边可接宾语。

Please listen to me carefully.

4、SVOO结构（主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）

(1) 双宾语结构   在这个结构中，动词是带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的及物动词。直接宾语多指物，间接宾语多指人。常用的带有双宾语的动词有：give, send, tell, bring, lend, buy, teach, get, call, do, ask, wish, offer等。

He gave the inspector his passport.

My father taught us English.

(2) 宾语的位置

间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，但是，如果为了强调间接宾语或者由于间接宾语较长，常把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，这时要在间接宾语的前面加上适当的介词。如：

The old man bought his daughter a nice scarf.

The old man bought a nice scarf for his daughter.

Give the teacher this book.=Give this book to the teacher.

5、SVOC结构（主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语）

在这种结构中，宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的。

(1) 在某些及物动词后，需要一个宾语再加上一个宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思，这样的宾语和宾补称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、不定式、分词、副词都可以作宾补。

(2) 常跟复合宾语的动词有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep等。如：

His mother finds him a clever boy.

Please keep the room clean.

(3) 在see, watch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, let, make（使）, have（使）等这些词后的宾补，如果是不定式担当的，则省去“to”，但变为被动语态时“to”要还原。如：

I heard a man knock at the door three times.

A man was heard to knock at the door three times.

第三十课时    句子的分类（二）

 

教学重点

并列句  there be结构  复合句

1、并列句：由连词连接两个分句组成的句子叫并列句。这些分句平等并列，而且同等重要，能够独立成句。连接分句的有并列连词和主丛连词。

并列连词有：and, but, or, nor, for, while, either…or…, neither…now, not only… but also…

主从连词有：so, however, still, yet, then

并列句中的前后两句可以根据意思划分为四种关系。

(1) 同等关系：and / not only…but also / neither…nor…

He could neither read nor write.

He not only studies hard, but also likes sports.

(2) 转折关系：but / yet / still / while / when

Tom was not there but his brother was ( there )

(3) 选择关系：or / either… or…

Either you didn’t understand this, or you were not careful enough.

(4) 因果关系：for / so

He hurried, for it was getting dark.

He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him.

2、there be结构

英语中“there + be + sb. /sth.+ 地点”结构表示“某处有某人或某物”。There是引导词，本身没有意思，be是谓语动词，be后面是主语，be必须和主语的数保持一致。如：

There is a garden behind the house.

There are two books on the desk.

如果主语部分是两个以上的并列主语时，be一般和邻近的主语的数保持一致。如：

There is a cup and two books on the desk.

There are five students and a teacher in the classroom.

3、复合句

复合句中包括两个或更多的分句，其中一个分句是主句，其余的分句是从句。从句就是一个分钟在主句中充当一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。从句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么从句。

1、主语从句

用作主语的从句叫作主语从句，主语从句一般都是作谓语动词的主语，偶尔也可以作分词的主语。

(1) 由what, that引导的主语从句

What she likes is watching the children play.

It is right that you told him the truth.

(2) 由连接副词whether, when, how, where, why引导主语从句。

Why the fire broke out at night remains a mystery.

Whether we can help you is a difficult question.

When the meeting will be held has not been decided.

 

2、表语从句

通常由that, what, where, why, how等连接词引导。

(1) if, whether, that引导表语从句。

The question is that we must be good at learning from others.

(2) what, which, who等连接代词

That is what I want to tell you.

The question is which of the classes we choose to be the excellent one.

(3) how, when, where, why等连接副词。

The question is how we can help him.

That is why he has been late.

第三十一课时    宾语从句

知识概述

宾语从句就是一个句子中另一个主句中作宾语，即宾语从句是用句子作宾语。宾语从句的位置与陈述句结构中的宾语相同，它可作及物动词或介词的宾语。常用的连词有that, if, whether, what, which, who, whom, when, where, how, why等。

教学重点

1、宾语从句的结构

(1) 由that引导的宾语从句

that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接主句和从句的作用。that不用翻译出来，在口语中常常省略，这种宾语从句常是陈述句。

The trouble is that we are short of money.

(2) 由连词“if”或“whether”引导。

Whether或if在句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但不能省略。翻译为“是否”。

Do you know if Mr Smith is at home?

(3) 由连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what或连接副词when, where, how, why等引导。连接代词或连接副词位于从句的前面，起连接主句和从句的作用，从句用陈述句语序。

Do you know who broke the window?

I don’t know when I shall finish.

I wonder if the news is true.

(4) 在某些形容词之后的从句有时也被看作宾语从句。如afraid, sure, sorry, glad, worried, aware, confident, angry等。

They were angry that they had lost the chance.

Can you tell me where the library is?

I’m sorry that I’m late.

 

2、宾语从句的时态一致

(1) 主句是过去时，宾语从句要用过去时态；主句是现在时或将来时，宾语从句则该用什么时态就用什么时态。

He told me that it would rain tomorrow.

No one knows if he will come at all.

第三十二课时    动词的时态（一）

教学重点

一般现在时

在英语中，不同时间里以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示，动词的这种不同形式称为动词的时态。

时态从时间上划分，可分为四大类：现在时；过去时；将来时；过去将来时。从行为上，每一类可以分为四种形式：一般式；进行式；完成式；完成进行式。这样英语的动词合起来，总共有十六种时态，初中只需掌握其中的八种时态。

1、一般现在时

（1）一般现在时表示现在的状态、习惯性的动作或主语所具备的性格和能力等。

① 当动词是be时，第一人称用am,第二人称用is,其他人称用are.

② 当动词是实义动词时，一般用动词原形，但如果主语是第三人称单数时，动词必须用第三人称单数形式，其变化规则如下：

助动词do（第三人称单数用does）构成否定句、疑问句及答语，但要注意助动词后原来的谓语动词要恢复原形。例如：

I like music. I don’t like music.

Do you like music? Yes, I do No, I don’t

（2）一般现在时的用法

① 表示经常、习惯性动作，常和often, usually, every day, sometimes, always等时间状语连用。如：

He goes to school by bus every day.

They often play football

② 表示能力、职业、特征。如：

Miss Gao teaches English.

Do you speak Japanese?

③ 表示客观存在。如：

The earth moves round the sun.

Time and tide wait for no man.

④ 表示已经安排好或计划好的事。如

The plane takes off at 7:30.

Classes begin at 8:00

⑤ 在时间状语和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。如：

If I see him, I’ll tell him to give you a call.

We’ll wait until he comes back.

注意：

a. 一般现在时的一些常见的时间状语有：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now and then, from time to time

b. 现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性的重复的动作或状态。这时句中常带always, forever以表示说话人的某种感情，如赞叹、厌烦等。如：

He is always thinking of others.

He is always talking big.

 

第三十三课时    动词的时态（二）

教学重点

一般过去时  

一般过去时

（1）一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。

① 当动词为be动词时，应该用相应的过去式：

am is ---- was are ---- were

否定形式为：was not ---- wasn’t    were not ---- weren’t

疑问句是将was, were 置于主语之前。

I was in Grade Three last term.

I wasn’t in Grade Two last term.

Which grade were you in?

② 当动词为实义动词时，用动词的过去式，过去式的变化有规则和不规则变化。规则变化如下：

动词过去式的不规则变化需要逐个记忆。见初三教材后的不规则动词变化形式表。

go ---- went begin ---- began sleep ---- slept run ---- ran

I heard the good news just now.

The twins didn’t go to school last week

Did you see the film yesterday ?

（2）一般过去时的用法

① 表示过去某一时间或一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的状语连用：yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days等。例如：

They had a baby last month.

My mother was ill yesterday.

He went out just now.

② 用于since引导的从句，主句的谓语动词如果用现在完成时，since引导的从句一般要用一般过去时。如：

He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.

You haven’t changed much since we last met.

注意：

a. 表示过去的时间状语常见的有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just now, a few days(weeks, months) ago.以及由after, before, when, while引导的的表示过去的时间状语。

b. 一般过去时可以用来表示现在的时间， 这主要用于日常会话，使用的语气较为婉转客气。如：

I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.

第三十四课时    动词的时态（三）

教学重点

一般将来时   过去将来时

一般将来时

（1）一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on。如

I’m going to visit the museum this Sunday.

I’ll be there in half an hour.

We’ll arrive tomorrow.

（2）一般将来时的构成

① be going to + 动词原形。Be随主语人称和数的变化而变化，否定句在be后面加not, 疑问句是将be放到主语之后。例如：

It’s going to be fine tomorrow.

He isn’t going to speak at the meeting.

What are you going to do next?

② will +动词原形。Will可以和各种人称及数的主语连用。否定句在will后加not,缩写成won’t，疑问句需将will提至主语之前。例如：

We will have a basketball match next week.

Will you come to the party?

I son’t lend it to you.

③ shall + 动词原形。此结构常用于主语为第人称I / we的句中，疑问句表示提建议或征求意见。如：

When and where shall we meet ?

Shall I turn on the TV ?

（3） 一般将来时的基本用法。

① “be going to +动词原形”表示“意图”，即打算、计划要做某事。如：

Are you going to post the letter ?

How long is he going to stay here ?

② “be going to + 动词原形”还可以表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生的事。如：

There are a lot of clouds. It’s going to rain.

It’s 7:50. I’m going to be late.

③ “will + 动词原形”表示客观上要发生的事或表示“带意愿色彩的将来”。如：

He will help you if you ask him.

They will come back tomorrow.

 

过去将来时

过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。其结构与一般将来时类似，只需将助动词改为过去式。

am/ is/ are going to + 动词原形→was/ were going to + 动词原形

will + 动词原形→ would + 动词原形

should + 动词原形 → should + 动词原形

例如：

You knew I would come.

He asked me when he would see me again.

Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.

第三十五课时    动词的时态（四）

教学重点

现在进行时  过去进行时

1、现在进行时

（1）现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生或进行的动作。它是由“be + 动词的现在分词”构成。其否定句是在be之后加not。疑问句则将be提到主语之前。

（3） 现在分词的构成

（3）现在进行时的用法。

① 表示说话时正在进行的动作。如：

What are you doing ? Who are you waiting for ?

I’m cooking

② 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定在进行。如：

He is working in a factory. She is translating look now.

③ 表示不断重复的动作。如：

The boy is always asking some strange questions.

The children are singing and dancing.

④ 表示位置移动的动词，可以用现在进行时表示将要发生的事。如go, come, leave, fly, start等。如：

When are you starting ? I’m leaving tomorrow.

2、过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

过去进行时常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：this time yesterday, at that time, then, last night, at 9:00 yesterday, all night等。其构成和现在进行时类似，只需将be变为相应的过去式：was/ were + 动词-ing。如：

What were you doing this time yesterday ?

When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.

I was watching TV.

I was writing while my mother was cooking.

教学难点：

① 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个过去的动作正在进行。过去进行时也可用来表示过去一段时间内持续发生的动作。如：

When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.

当我在花园浇水时，突然下雨了。

While we were having a party, the lights went out.

② 过去进行时还可以表示两个过去的动作同时进行，这时可用连接词while引导。如：

George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio.

③ “was going + 不定式”表示过去打算。如

He was going to be our team leader. 他原打算当我们的领队。

④ 过去进行时与一般过去的区别

过去进行时表示在过去一段时间正在进行的动作，而一般过去时表示一个完成的动作。如：

I was typing letters last night.

I typed some letters last night.

第三十六课时    动词的时态（五）

教学重点

现在完成时（一）  

现在完成时

（1）现在完成时表示某个动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响（或结果），这个动作或状态可能已经结束，也可能还要持续下去。

其构成形式是： have/ has + 动词过去分词

否定句在have/ has 后加not→haven’t/ hasn’t

疑问句要将have/ has放到主语之前。

（2）现在完成时的用法。

① 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。常用的时间状语有：already, yet, ever, never, just等。如：

I have already finished the work.

Have you ever been to Beijing?

He has never seen such a nice car.

② 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

for + 时间段；

since + 时间点（表时间段）；时间段+ago；一般过去时态。如：

I have taught in this school for ten years.

I have taught in this school since ten years ago.

③ for和since引导的短语都表示“一段时间”，所以谓语动词应该用延续性动词，不能用非延续性动词。延续性动词表示该动词可以延续一段时间，如：live, work, study, teach, stay等，非延续性动词是指该动词所表示的动作不能持续，是短暂的、瞬间完成的，如：borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die等。

许多非延续性动词可以用意思相同或相近的延续性动词来表示：

leave ---- be away from arrive ---- be in

go ---- be away come ---- be in / at finish ---- be over

buy ---- have borrow ---- keep die ---- be dead

join ---- be in/be a member of begin ---- be on

如：He has gone He has been away for an hour

I have bought a watch I have had the watch for several days

④ have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to 

have/ has been to ：曾去过

have/ has gone to ：已去，去了（不在说话现场，在途中或已经到达）

My mother has been to America. 我妈妈曾经去过美国

My mother has gone to America. 我妈妈已经去了美国

（3）现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较

①  一般过去时只单纯表示过去，和现在不发生联系，它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以不能和确定的过去的时间状语连用。如：

We have visited the farm（现在对农场有所了解）

We visited the farm last week（说明上周参观农场这件事）

② 如果询问某事发生的时间、地点只能用一般过去时。如：

When did you lose your cat ?

I lost it last night. I found it in the garden.

第三十七课时    动词的时态（六）

教学重点

现在完成时（二）  过去完成时

现在完成时难点：

① 由since引导的时间状语，它们的主句通常使用完成时态。

He has taught English since 1970.

It has been a long time since I last saw you.

② 只有在It is …since…这种结构中，主句的谓语才可用一般现在时，现在完成时或一般过去时。如：

It’s ten years since I left school.

It’s a long time since I saw you last.

③ 表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，这类动词有：

begin,  borrow,  buy,  close,  come,  die,  fall,  find,  finish,  

join,   kill,     lend,  leave,  sell,   start,  stop等，如：

不能说：His father has died for three years.

只能说：His father died three years ago.

不能说：He has left home for two months.

只能说：He left home two months ago.

④ 非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续。可与for, since时间状语连用。如：

I haven’t seen him for a long time.

I haven’t heard from him since he left.

She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job. 

⑤ have(has) been 和have (has) gone的区别。

Have been to a place意思是“到过、去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿；have gone to意思是“去了”，表示已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿。如：

Has she ever been to Nanjing ?

You have never been there before, have you?

I have been to Guilin, I went there last year. 

总之，have been to讲的是过去的情况，强调去过或没有，着重于到目前为止的一个结果，而have gone to指现在人在不在，只用于第三人称，不用于第一、第二人称，不能用来代替have been to.

 

2、过去完成时

（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。其结构是：had + 动词过去分词。否定、疑问句同现在完成时一样。

（2）用法

① 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。如：

The meeting had begun when we got there.

He said he had seen the film.

② 表示某一动作在过去某一时间已经开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用。如：

The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there.

She said that she had made much progress since she came here.

第三十八课时    动词时态的一致

教学重点

时态的一致

时态的一致主要是指在主从复合句中，主句与从句之间的时态一致通常主句的时态决定从句的时态。原则是：当主句是现在时与将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况可以使用任何时态。但是，当主句谓语使用过去时，从句必须使用过去时态。如下表：

教学难点

1、宾语从句和间接引语与主句的时态一致，符合上述原则。但如果宾语从句表示客观事实和真理，即使主句谓语用过去时，从句的谓语也应该使用一般现在时：如：

Our teacher told us a little knowledge is dangerous

我们老师告诉我们一知半解是危险的。

He said that light travels faster than sound.

他说光传播速度比声音快。

2、有些形容词后可以跟从句，这种从句常看成宾语从句，它的主、从句时态也符合上述原则。这些形容词有：afraid, glad, sure, sorry, certain, aware, confident, delighted, lucky, surprised, worried。如：

I’m sure that he will succeed.

3、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句也要与主句的时态一致。如：

That is why he was late for school.

 

例题：

1. Miss Gao isn’t here. She _______ to the station to meet Mr Brown.

A. went B. has gone C. has been D. would go

2. ________ a letter from him since he left.

  A. haven’t got B. didn’t receive C. didn’t have D. haven’t feel

3. When I came in, they______ games in the room.

  A. were playing B. are playing C. played D. plays

4. Hurry up! The play ________ for ten minutes.

A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began

第三十九课时    被动语态（一）

教学重点

被动语态

在英语中，须通过动词的某种形式来表明句子的主语是动作的执行者还是动作的承受者，前一种句子是主动句，后一种是被动句。

英语的动词有两种语态形式，即主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作是执行者，谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词用被动语态。如：

They build this school.

They school is built by them.

1、被动语态的构成

“助动词 +（及物动词的）过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。如：

This kind of TV set is made in Guangzhou.（一般现在时）

The thief was arrested.（一般过去时）

A new road is being built outside my house.（现在进行时）

The man was being questioned by the police.（过去进行时）

Your wallet has been found.（现在完成时）

By the time we got there. The work had been finished.（过去完成时）

My sister would be taken care of by grandma.（过去将来时）

Your watch will be repaired.（一般将来时）

教学难点：

在英语里，有一些动词是不及物动词，后面不能跟宾语，所以没有被动语态。以下动词只有主动语态，没有被动语态。

appear, die, happen, fall, arrive.

2、五种时态的被动语态举例

① 一般现在时

A lot of books are kept in our school library.

Radio is used in everyday life. 

② 一般过去时

A thief was caught last night.

They were asked to speak at the meeting.

③ 现在进行时

A new library is being put up in their school now.

The watch is being repaired.

④ 一般将来时

The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.

The thieves will be arrested.

⑤ 现在完成时

My bag has been stolen.

Many stamps have been collected by me since last year.

3、主动语态变被动语态

① 主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语。

② 主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态。

③ 主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by短语可以省略。

④ 主动语态、被动语态两种时态要保持一致。如：

We repaired the motor.

The motor was repaired by us.

 

 

 

 

 

第四十课时    被动语态（二）

教学重点

被动语态（二）

几种不同形式的被动语态

（1）含有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构，变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般是主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，这样句子显得自然一些。如：

He showed me his pictures.

I was shown his pictures by him.

I was sent a birthday present (by him).

A birthday present was sent to me (by him).

（2）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句的方法。

① 将宾语变为主语，宾语补足语保留不动。如：

They call her little Li. She is called little Li.

He left the door open. The door was left open by him.

② make, let, hear, watch, see, feel, have, notice, help等动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式一般不带to，可是当变为被动语态时，后面的不定式必须带to。如：

My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.

I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I was young.

③ 含有情态动词的被动语态，是由“情态动词 + be +（及物动词的）过去分词”构成。如：

They can not find him.

He can not be found.

④ 短语动词的被动语态

一般说来，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才可能有动作的承受者。但有许多由不及物动词加介词及其他词类构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意，短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。如：

They had put out the fire before the fire brigade arrived.

The fire had been put out before the fire brigade arrived.

They will set up a new public school here.

A new public school will be set up here.

You must take good care of these trees.

These trees must be taken good care of.

 

被动语态的基本用法

① 不知道谁是动作的执行者或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。如：

Paper is made from wood.

The house is quite old, it was built in 1950.

He was wounded in the fight.

② 需要强调动作的承受者时。如：

Calculator can’t be used in the maths exam.

Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn’t be taken away.

He was awarded first prize in that contest.

③ 为使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修辞的需要使用被动语态使句子得以更好安排。如：

The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.

Electricity is used to run machines.