【简译】葡占长崎（Portuguese Nagasaki）

2022-12-01 13:36 作者:神尾智代 0人读过 | 我要投稿

Nagasaki, on the northwest coast of Japan’s Kyushu Island, was an important Portuguese trading base from c. 1571 to 1639, and the most eastern outpost of the Portuguese empire. The Portuguese presence transformed Nagasaki from a small fishing village into one of the great trade centres of Japan and East Asia.

长崎位于日本九州岛的西北海岸，从大约1571年到1639年就是葡萄牙的一个重要贸易基地，也是葡萄牙帝国的最东边的前哨。葡萄牙人的存在使长崎从一个小渔村变成了日本和东亚重要的贸易中心之一。

Only briefly under direct Portuguese administration (1571-1614), the city was used as an access point to the lucrative Japanese market where goods like silk, silver, and gold were exchanged between China, Portuguese Macao, and Lisbon, as well as many other colonial outposts in Asia. The Portuguese presence came to an end in 1639 when the Japanese military government or shogunate decided to expel all foreigners from the Japanese mainland.

在葡萄牙的直接管理下（1571-1614年），这座城市是葡萄牙商队进入利润丰厚的日本市场的通道；在那里，中国、葡属澳门和里斯本以及亚洲许多其他殖民前哨之间进行丝绸、白银和黄金等货物的交换。1639年，当日本幕府（军政府或）决定将所有外国人驱逐出日本本土时，葡萄牙人的存在就结束了。

葡萄牙帝国

Ever since 1497-1499, when Vasco da Gama (c. 1469-1524) had sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and shown the possibilities of a maritime route between Europe and Asia, the Portuguese had been busy building an empire. Portuguese Cochin was founded in 1503, and Portuguese Goa was established in 1510. Portuguese Malacca in Malaysia was set up in 1511. The Portuguese sailed relentlessly eastwards, and c. 1557 Portuguese Macao was established on the coast of southern China near Guangzhou (Canton). This gave the Portuguese merchants direct access to the trade fairs of Canton where such goods as precious silk could be acquired. Always eager for more, the Europeans next wanted a foothold in Japan.

自1497-1499年，瓦斯科·达·伽马（约1469-1524年）绕过好望角，展示了欧亚之间海上航线的可能性以来，葡萄牙人一直在忙于建立一个帝国。葡属科钦建立于1503年；葡属果阿建立于1510年；位于马来西亚的葡属马六甲于1511年建立。葡萄牙人不懈东航，大约在1557年，葡属澳门在中国南部沿海靠近广州的地方建立。这使葡萄牙商人可以直接进入广州的贸易集市，在那里可以获得珍贵的丝绸等货物。欧洲人总是渴望得到更多，接下来他们想在日本站稳脚跟。

Three Portuguese mariners were the first Europeans to set foot on Japanese soil in September 1543, albeit by accident. These intrepid traders were on board a Chinese junk, which was aiming for Ningpo in China, but the junk’s Chinese pilots could do little to prevent a storm blowing them to western Japan and the island of Tanegashima. Significantly, the Portuguese were carrying firearms, and these greatly impressed the Japanese, even if these were crude harquebuses. Oda Nobunaga would import these handy weapons and use them to great effect when he established himself as Japan’s foremost military leader between 1568 and 1582.

1543年9月，三名葡萄牙航海家成为第一批踏上日本土地的欧洲人，尽管是处于意外。这些无畏的商人登上了一艘中国船只，该船的目标是中国的宁波，但中国航员无法阻止风暴将船吹向日本西部和种子岛。值得注意的是，葡萄牙人携带了火器，这些火器给日本人留下了深刻的印象，即使这些是简陋的火绳枪。织田信长在 1568 年至 1582 年间确立了自己作为日本最重要的军事领袖的地位时，进口了这些方便的武器并使用它们发挥了巨大的作用。

长崎港

Nagasaki is located on the northwest coast of Kyushu, Japan. The Portuguese established a permanent presence there from c. 1571 when the viceroy of the Portuguese Indies (Estado da India) based at Goa decided that this should be the principal base for their China-Japan trade. Nagasaki was a modest fishing port when the Portuguese arrived, but it would be transformed into a thriving trade centre that eventually became one of the major cities of Japan. The state of Japan was not yet fully unified, and Nagasaki harbour was given as a fiefdom to the Portuguese by Omura Sumitada, a daimyo (feudal lord) from Hizen in the northwest of Kyushu. Specifically, the port was handed over to the Jesuit Gaspar Vilela who was selected thanks to persuasion by a vassal of Sumitada’s. Both Japanese men had recently converted to Christianity. The handover occurred c. 1571, but the formal deed was not signed until 1580. As a bonus, Sumitada gave the Jesuits the nearby fortress of Mogi. A condition was that there would be no permanent Portuguese military presence in the port area.

长崎位于日本九州岛的西北部海岸。大约从1571年开始，葡萄牙人在那里建立了永久性的驻地，当时驻扎在果阿的葡属印度总督决定将这里作为其中国和日本贸易的主要基地。当葡萄牙人到达时，长崎只是一个普通的渔港，但后来变成了繁荣的贸易中心，最终成为日本的主要城市之一。当时的日本国还没有完全统一，长崎港被九州西北部肥前国大名（封建主）大村纯忠作为封地送给了葡萄牙人。具体来说，该港口被交给了耶稣会士的加斯帕·维莱拉，后者在纯忠家臣的劝说下被选中。这两位日本人都皈依了基督教。移交工作大约发生在1571年，但正式契约直到1580年才签署。作为奖励，纯忠将附近的茂木交给了耶稣会士。条件是港口地区不会有永久的葡萄牙军事存在。

The port was, then, administered by the Jesuit Society of Jesus, and it was their only sovereign territory. Nagasaki thus became an important headquarters of Jesuit missionary work in East Asia. Missionaries, beginning in 1549 with the Spaniard Jesuit Francis Xavier (aka Francisco de Javier, l. 1505-1552), spread Christianity with surprising success in Nagasaki and the surrounding region. Indeed, the religion remains significant in the city even today. The Jesuit management of Nagasaki lasted until 1614. After this date, the Portuguese were content to maintain a trade-only foothold in the lucrative Japanese market. Nagasaki remained the most eastern outpost of the Portuguese Empire.

当时，该港口由耶稣会管理，而且是他们唯一的主权领土。长崎因此成为耶稣会在东亚传教的一个重要总部。传教士们从1549年西班牙耶稣会士弗朗西斯科·哈维尔（又名方济·沙勿略，1505-1552）开始，在长崎和周边地区传播基督教，取得了令人惊讶的成功。事实上，即使在今天，基督教在这个城市仍然很重要。耶稣会对长崎的管理一直持续到1614年。此后，葡萄牙人满足于在利润丰厚的日本市场上维持一个仅有贸易的立足点。长崎仍然是葡萄牙帝国最东边的前哨。

The Portuguese base of merchants, missionaries and immigrants at Nagasaki prospered for around 60 years. The port was (despite the original agreement) given fortifications, and a large cathedral was built to replace the early chapel built by Vilela. Most of the permanent residents were Japanese Christians who had converted from Buddhism, while Portuguese traders tended to visit only for trade purposes and so lived in temporary residences. Unlike in other colonies, there was not a great deal of social relations with the local people and intermarriages which produced a new (lower) class of mixed-race descendants. Rather, the temporary traders at Nagasaki were content to make use of young Japanese prostitutes sent to the port for that express purpose by families keen to acquire a dowry for their daughters that could then be used to marry a Japanese man back home. The port was not formally part of the Portuguese Empire, a situation that was familiar to other ports in Asia where the Portuguese had established a presence and trading concessions with the local government.

长崎的葡萄牙商人、传教士和移民基地繁荣了约60年。港口（尽管有最初的协议）添加了防御工事，并建造了一个大型教堂以取代早期由维莱拉建造的小教堂。大多数永久居民是从佛教皈依的日本基督徒，而葡萄牙商人往往只为贸易目的来访，因此住在临时住所。与其他殖民地不同，这里没有与当地人建立大量的社会关系，也没有产生新的（低级）混血后代的通婚。相反，长崎的临时商人满足于年轻的日本妓女，这些家庭热衷于为他们的女儿获得嫁妆，然后可以用来与家乡的日本男人结婚，这就是明确的目的。该港口在形式上并不是葡萄牙帝国的一部分，这种情况对于葡萄牙人在亚洲的其他港口来说很常见。在这些港口，葡萄牙人已经产生了存在感，并与当地政府签订了贸易特许权。

东亚贸易网络

Following the establishment of Portuguese Nagasaki, each year until 1618, a single large carrack vessel, the ‘Great Ship’, sailed from Macao to Japan (having arrived from Goa). From 1619 to 1639 this single ship was substituted with a fleet of smaller vessels. The large Portuguese carrack cargo ships that plied the route between Macao and Nagasaki had Chinese pilots but were packed with goods and Portuguese traders who appear on Japanese screen paintings of the period. The carracks themselves appear on these screens, too, the 'black ships' as the Japanese called them because of their treated hulls designed to keep marine parasites at bay. The Japanese called these foreigners Nanbanjin ('southern barbarian people') and the trade with them the 'Nanban trade'.

在葡萄牙长崎建立后，直到1618年，每年都有一艘大型克拉克大帆船从澳门驶往日本（从果阿抵达）。从1619年到1639年，这艘单船被一支较小的船队所取代。在澳门和长崎之间航行的葡萄牙大型架子帆货船有中国领航员，但船上装满了货物和葡萄牙商人，他们出现在当时的日本屏风画上。货船本身也出现在这些屏风上，日本人称它们为“黑船”，因为它们的船体经过防腐处理，旨在防止海洋寄生虫。日本人称这些外国人为南蛮津（"南蛮人"），与他们的贸易为“南蛮贸易”。

Goods exported from Japan included silver (from the mines on Honshu), copper, painted screens, lacquerware, cabinets, kimonos, swords, and pikes. The Portuguese ships were able to bring silk, gold, and Ming porcelain from their contacts between Canton and Portuguese Macao, and spices and other goods from their Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia trade networks.

从日本出口的货物包括银（来自本州的矿场）、铜、彩绘屏风、漆器、橱柜、和服、剑和长矛。葡萄牙船只能够从他们在广州和葡属澳门之间的往来中带来丝绸、黄金和明代瓷器，以及从他们的印度洋和东南亚贸易网络中带来香料和其他货物。

The British and Dutch arrived to cash in on the Japan trade from the early years of the 17th century and were permitted by the Japanese authorities to trade, even if the Portuguese at Nagasaki tried to have their European rivals executed as pirates. Despite the new competition, the Portuguese traders in Nagasaki continued to thrive for another three decades.

英国人和荷兰人从17世纪初年来到日本做生意，并获得日本当局的许可进行贸易，即使长崎的葡萄牙人试图将他们的欧洲对手作为海盗处决。尽管面临新的竞争，长崎的葡萄牙商人又继续繁荣了三十年。

德川幕府将军

Relations with Japan began to turn sour from the 1630s when the Japanese government, the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868), began to detain Portuguese vessels arriving at Nagasaki. The confiscations were a direct result of a Spanish captain hijacking a Japanese junk. Since Spain and Portugal were now unified, the Japanese treated ships of both nations in the same way. The shoguns then imposed a trade embargo on the two European kingdoms. A representative was sent from Macao to Japan in 1630, one Dom Gonçalo de Silveira, to try and negotiate a lifting of the ban. It took the emissary four years but, at last, the Japanese government consented to resume trade with the Portuguese. It was to be a temporary respite.

与日本的关系从17世纪30年代起开始变坏，当时日本政府，即德川幕府（1603-1868），开始扣留抵达长崎的葡萄牙船只。没收的直接原因是一位西班牙船长劫持了一艘日本货船。由于西班牙和葡萄牙此时是统一的，日本人以同样的方式对待两个国家的船只。随后，幕府对这两个欧洲王国实施了贸易禁运。1630年，一位名叫Dom Gonçalo de Silveira的代表从澳门被派往日本，试图通过谈判来解除禁令。这位使者花了四年时间，但最后，日本政府同意恢复与葡萄牙人的贸易。这只是一个暂时的喘息机会。

Things got much worse for the Portuguese in 1639 when two of their ships returned to Macao with the disturbing news that they had not been allowed to lower anchor and unload at Nagasaki. The Tokugawa shoguns had formally changed their foreign trade policy. As the military leaders of Japan grew suspicious of foreigners and the spread of Christianity, all Portuguese were expelled from the country and trade halted with the likes of Macao. Even Japanese people abroad were not permitted to return home and if they tried, execution awaited them. The catalyst for this expulsion had been the Shimabara Uprising of December 1637 to April 1638. The shogunate blamed the uprising on the Shimabara peninsula of Kyushu on Christians, although many of the 35-40,000 people killed during the disturbance were of that religion and many of the protestors were peasants unhappy over tax increases and were not concerned with religious matters.

1639年，葡萄牙人的情况变得更加糟糕，他们的两艘船返回澳门时带回了一个令人不安的消息，即他们不被允许在长崎下锚和卸货。德川幕府正式改变了其对外贸易政策。由于日本的军事领导人对外国人和基督教的传播越来越怀疑，所有葡萄牙人都被驱逐出国，与澳门等地的贸易也停止了。即使是在国外的日本人也不被允许回国，如果他们试图回国，等待他们的将是死刑。这次驱逐的催化剂是1637年12月至1638年4月的岛原之乱。幕府将九州岛原半岛的起义归咎于基督徒，尽管在动乱中被杀的35-40,000人中有许多是基督徒，但许多抗议者是对增税感到不满的农民，并不关心宗教问题。

Macao sent delegates to the Tokugawa shogun to negotiate a reopening of Portuguese trade in 1640, but these four unfortunate ambassadors were imprisoned, tried, and then executed along with 57 of their attendants and crew. The trade was never revived and even a visit from a royal ambassador of the Portuguese king in July-August 1647 brought no change of policy, but at least he was allowed to return to Lisbon.

1640年，澳门向德川幕府派出代表，就重新开放葡萄牙贸易进行谈判，但这四位不幸的大使被监禁、审判，然后与他们的57名随从和船员一起被处决。贸易从未恢复，甚至在1647年7月至8月葡萄牙国王的皇家大使的访问也没有带来政策的改变，但至少他被允许返回里斯本。

This period of cultural isolation, known in Japan as the Sakoku Period (‘chained off nation’), continued until the mid-19th century, even if a very small number of Dutch traders were permitted to stay on the tiny man-made island of Dejima in the Nagasaki Bay. The Dutch could not leave the island without express permission from the shogun, and they seem to have been tolerated because they had no interest in spreading their religion. Not until the mid-19th century did European ‘foreign devils’, particularly the British and Americans, return to live and trade in Japan.

这段文化隔离的时期，在日本被称为锁国时代（"被锁住的国家"），一直持续到19世纪中期，即使有极少数的荷兰商人被允许留在长崎湾的出岛上。没有幕府的明确许可，荷兰人不能离开该岛，他们似乎得到了容忍，因为他们对传播其宗教没有兴趣。直到19世纪中期，欧洲的“洋鬼子”，特别是英国人和美国人，才前往日本生活和贸易。