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极值为0的函数有何独特之处?(2018课标Ⅲ导数)

2022-11-08 22:48 作者:数学老顽童  | 我要投稿

(2018课标Ⅲ,21)已知函数f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cleft(%202%2Bx%2Bax%5E2%20%5Cright)%20%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20-2x

(1)若a%3D0,证明:当-1%3Cx%3C0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0;当x%3E0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0.

(2)若x%3D0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20的极大值点,求a.

解:(1)若a%3D0

%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%09%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%7D%26%3D%5Cleft(%202%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20-2x%5C%5C%0A%09%26%3D%5Cleft(%202%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20%5Cleft%5B%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20-%5Cfrac%7B2x%7D%7B2%2Bx%7D%7D%20%5Cright%5D%5C%5C%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D

g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20-%5Cfrac%7B2x%7D%7B2%2Bx%7D

%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%09%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bg'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%7D%20%26%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%2B1%7D-%5Cfrac%7B2%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%202%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20-2x%5Ccdot%201%7D%7B%5Cleft(%202%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%7D%5C%5C%0A%09%26%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20x%2B1%20%5Cright)%20%5Cleft(%202%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%7D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cgeqslant%200%7D%5C%5C%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D

所以g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D

注意到%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bg%5Cleft(%200%20%5Cright)%20%3D0%7D,所以

-1%3Cx%3C0g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0

x%3E0g%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0.

(2)令u%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D2%2Bx%2Bax%5E2

v%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20-%5Cfrac%7B2x%7D%7B2%2Bx%2Bax%5E2%7D

f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3Du%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccdot%20v%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20.

注意到%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bu%5Cleft(%200%20%5Cright)%20%7D%3D2%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%3E0%7D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf%5Cleft(%200%20%5Cright)%20%3D0%7D.

x%3D0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20的极大值点,

则必然存在区间%5Cleft(%20x_1%2Cx_2%20%5Cright)%20,同时满足:

-1%3Cx_1%3C0%3Cx_2

%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%20x_1%2Cx_2%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bu%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0%7D

%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%20x_1%2C0%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccup%20%5Cleft(%200%2Cx_2%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0%7D.

如此一来,则对于%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%20x_1%2C0%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccup%20%5Cleft(%200%2Cx_2%20%5Cright)%20%7D

皆有%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bv%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%7D%7Bu%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%7D%3C0%3Dv%5Cleft(%200%20%5Cright)%20%7D.

换言之:%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bx%3D0%7D也是%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bv%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%7D的极大值点.

%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%09%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bv'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%7D%20%26%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1%2Bx%7D-%5Cfrac%7B2%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%202%2Bx%2Bax%5E2%20%5Cright)%20-2x%5Ccdot%20%5Cleft(%201%2B2ax%20%5Cright)%7D%7B%5Cleft(%202%2Bx%2Bax%5E2%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%7D%5C%5C%0A%09%26%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%5Cleft(%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%5E2x%5E2%2B4ax%2B6a%2B1%7D%20%5Cright)%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20%5Cleft(%202%2Bx%2Bax%5E2%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%7D%5C%5C%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D

%5Cvarphi%20%5Cleft(x%5Cright)%3Da%5E2x%5E2%2B4ax%2B6a%2B1

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cvarphi%20%5Cleft(0%5Cright)%3D6a%2B1%3D0%7D,解得%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B6%7D%7D.

验证充分性(不验不专业):

a%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B6%7D时,

%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%09v%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%26%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20-%5Cfrac%7B2x%7D%7B2%2Bx-%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B6%7D%7D%5C%5C%0A%09%26%3D%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20-%5Cfrac%7B12x%7D%7B%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B12%2B6-x%5E2%7D%7D%5C%5C%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D

x%5Cin%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20-1%2C3%2B%5Csqrt%7B21%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccup%20%5Cleft(%203%2B%5Csqrt%7B21%7D%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7D

v'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E3%5Cleft(%20x-24%20%5Cright)%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201%2Bx%20%5Cright)%20%5Cleft(%2012%2B6x-x%5E2%20%5Cright)%20%5E2%7D

v'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D0,得x%3D0x%3D24.

x%5Cin%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20-1%2C0%20%5Cright)%20%7D,v'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0,v%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D

x%5Cin%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%200%2C3%2B%5Csqrt%7B21%7D%20%5Cright)%20%7D,v'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0,v%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D

所以x%3D0v%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)的极大值点,符合题意.

综上所述:%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B6%7D%7D.

命题背景:极限的保号性.

极值为0的函数有何独特之处?(2018课标Ⅲ导数)的评论 (共 条)

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