2023年上半年四六级汉译英练习：光伏发电
练习背景：中国光伏发电产业迅猛发展，以及光伏发电技术是实现碳中和的重要途径之一。
练习目的：了解更多有关光伏发电技术的相关英文表达。
其他相关国家重要技术类翻译
光伏发电：photovoltaic power generation technology
光伏发电是利用半导体界面（界面：interface）的光生伏特效应(photovoltaic effect)而将光能直接转变为电能的一种技术，其关键元件是太阳能电池。①由于阳光普照大地②，光伏发电最突出的优点之一是很少受地域限制③；此外，光伏系统还具有安全可靠、无噪声、低污染、无需消耗燃料和架设输电线路即可就地发电供电④及建设周期短的优点。光伏发电产品主要用于三大方面：一是为无电场合提供电源；二是太阳能日用电子产品；三是并网发电(Grid-connected power generation)——这是在发达国家已经大面积推广实施了。中国广阔的土地上，太阳能资源非常丰富，理论储量达每年17000亿吨标准煤。中国光伏发电产业于20世纪70年代起步，90年代中期进入稳步发展时期⑤，经过30多年的努力，已迎来了快速发展的新阶段。
简析：
1- “其关键元件是太阳能电池（solar battery）”
这句是第一段的分句，属于其附属部分。可以将其采用非限制性定语从句作为前置插入进行表达。即“光伏发电【的关键元件是太阳能电池】是利用半导体界面（界面：interface）的光生伏特效应(photovoltaic effect)而将光能直接转变为电能的一种技术”，这里“是……一种技术”可以使用be动词，也可以使用refer to。
“是利用半导体界面（界面：interface）的光生伏特效应(photovoltaic effect)而将光能直接转变为电能的一种技术”
这句的定语比较长：是一种技术
定语：利用半导体界面（界面：interface）的光生伏特效应(photovoltaic effect)而将光能直接转变为电能的
这里可以将定语分为两部分进行翻译。“通过……而将”属于方式途径，属于状语。
所以这里翻译出来的结构如下:
光伏发电【主语】 - （它的关键元件是太阳能电池）【插入定语从句】 - 是一种将光能直接转化为电能的技术【系动词表语】（通过半导体界面上的光生伏特效应）【方式状语】
Photovoltaic power generation, whose core components are solar batteries (whose = the … of which物 / whom人), refers to the energy-conversion technology direct from light to electricity (through photovoltaic effects at the semiconductor interface)
新词汇：半导体：semiconductors
扩充词汇：节能灯：fluorescent light (bulb) / lamp
2- 阳光普照大地：sun shines all over the earth
这里“大地”到底用哪种，这里“大地”不是特指某个国家，也不是专指某一片地区，所以用earth表达大地是相对接近的。
3- “光伏发电最突出的优点之一是很少受地域限制”- 如何结合上下文行文流畅？
阳光普照大地使得光伏发电很少受地域限制，这就是它最突出优点之一。
所以这句的逻辑是：阳光普照大地 → 地理因素（地域、地理位置）对光伏发电的因素影响甚微 → 这是其最突出的优势之一。
As the sun shines all over the earth, geolocations have very little impact on photovoltaics, which is its one most prominent advantage.
4- 此外，光伏系统还具有安全可靠、无噪声、低污染、无需消耗燃料和架设输电线路即可就地发电供电及建设周期短的优点。
这里的翻译可以直接使用have，但是拥有强项的东西，多用boast替代have。
In addition, photovoltaic systems boast strong points including high reliability and safety, little noise emission, low pollution, on-site power generation and supply without the need for fuels and power-transfer infrastructures and short time for implementation /, which takes only a short time to be put in place. （建设周期短这里既可以认为是一个整合在第四个描述里，也可以单独列出）
另一种体现则是人们能够从光伏系统上得到的优势包括……使用People are reaping the benefits from photovoltaic systems including their high reliability and safety, little noise emission, low pollution, on-site power generation and supply without the need for fuels and power-transfer infrastructures, which takes only a short time to be put in place.
也可以使用另外一个单词deployment，这个单词表示“部署”，从开始到完成的整个过程。
5- “90年代中期进入稳步发展时期”
这里建议使用现在完成进行时，能够体现这个流程是完整而持续的，并且会继续发展下去，体现着中国光伏发展的稳健扎实前进。
6- 大国重器的翻译：the pillars of a great power
支柱产业：pillar industries
【参考译文】
Photovoltaic power generation, the core components of which are solar batteries, refers to the energy conversion technology direct from light to electricity through photovoltaic effects at the semiconductor interface. As the sun shines all over the earth, geolocations have very little impact on photovoltaics, which is its one most prominent advantage. In addition, people are also reaping the benefits from photovoltaic systems including their high reliability and safety, zero noise emission, low pollution, on-site power generation and supply without the need for fuels and power-transfer infrastructures and short time for deployment. Photovoltaic products are utilized in three major fields: Power supply for places with no electricity, solar-powered daily appliances and grid-connected power generation, which developed countries have been widely invigorating and implementing. Solar energy is highly abundant on the vast territory of China, which theoretically equals 1.7 trillion tons of standard coal. China's photovoltaic industries started in the 1970s and have been progressing steadily since the mid-1990s. Today, photovoltaics in China have crossed into a new chapter of high-speed development after over 30 years' efforts.
