他没有在妻子面前哭,因为他是她最坚实的后盾。 #女士的品格

先下结论:热评第一非蠢即坏。
你的结论像是由女性主导胎儿性别一样愚蠢,我不清楚你如此肯定又轻率的结论是从哪里来的,但现代医学是严谨的,没有数据支撑就下如此结论是对于人类智商和现代医学的侮辱。
胎儿停止发育(Fetal demise)是指胎儿在妊娠期间停止发育和生命活动,通常在怀孕20周以后才会被称为胎儿死亡。 胎儿停止发育可能由多种因素引起,包括染色体异常、孕妇患有疾病、胎盘异常、先兆子痫等等。下面是关于胎儿停止发育的原因的一些医学论文和参考文献:
1.异常染色体(Abnormal chromosomes):胎儿染色体异常是胎儿停止发育的最常见原因之一。研究发现,约有50%的胎儿停止发育与染色体异常有关。例如,Turner综合征和三体综合征等染色体异常都与胎儿停止发育有关。
参考文献:
- Palomaki GE, Kloza EM, Lambert-Messerlian GM, Haddow JE, Neveux LM, Ehrich M, et al. DNA sequencing of maternal plasma to identify Down syndrome and other trisomies in multiple gestations. Prenat Diagn. 2012;32(8):730-4.
- Hodes-Wertz B, Grifo J, Ghadir S, Kaplan B, Laskin CA, Glassner M, et al. Idiopathic recurrent miscarriage is caused mostly by aneuploid embryos. Fertil Steril. 2012;98(3):675-80.
2.孕妇患病(Maternal illness):一些孕妇患有疾病也会增加胎儿停止发育的风险。例如,糖尿病、自身免疫性疾病和甲状腺功能异常等疾病都与胎儿停止发育有关。
参考文献:
- Liu S, Joseph KS, Lisonkova S, Rouleau J, Van den Hof M, Sauve R, et al. Association between maternal chronic conditions and stillbirth: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(4):e010325.
- Pergialiotis V, Konstantopoulos P, Prodromidou A, Florou V, Papantoniou N, Vlachos DE, et al. The role of autoimmune diseases in the pathogenesis of stillbirth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(17):2909-14.
3.胎盘异常(Placental abnormalities):胎盘是供给胎儿养分和氧气的重要器官,一些胎盘异常也会导致胎儿停止发育。例如,胎盘早期剥离、胎盘梗阻、胎盘前置等异常都与胎儿停止发育有关。
参考文献:
- Reddy UM, Wapner RJ, Rebar RW, Tasca RJ. Infertility, assisted reproductive technology, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: executive summary of a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(4):967-77.
- Hasegawa J, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Sekizawa A, Okai T. Ultrasound assessment of placental invasion. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2009;64(8):489-502.
4.先兆子痫(Preeclampsia):先兆子痫是孕妇在怀孕后期出现的高血压和蛋白尿,可以导致胎儿死亡。
参考文献:
- Bartsch E, Medcalf KE, Park AL, Ray JG. High Risk of Pre-Eclampsia Identification Group. Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies. BMJ. 2016;353:i1753.
- Tooher J, Thornton C, Makris A, Ogle R, Korda A, Hennessy A. All hypertensive disorders in pregnancy increase the risk of adverse maternal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e017647.
5.环境因素:一些环境因素可能对胎儿发育产生不良影响,例如辐射、毒物、药物等。
参考文献:
- Li X, Huang S, Jiao A, Yang X, Yun J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li Y. Associations between ambient air pollution and pregnancy loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut. 2021;268(Pt A):115757.
- Pedersen M, Stayner L, Slama R, et al. Ambient air pollution and pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2014;64(3):494-500.
综上所述,胎儿停止发育的原因很多,其中染色体异常、孕妇患病、胎盘异常和先兆子痫是比较常见的原因。这些原因可能会相互影响,导致胎儿停止发育。
如果你问我查了这么多文献的目的是什么,我的目的很简单,我不希望大家被类似这样愚蠢的发言挑起性别对立。
如果你想问在胎儿胎停的因素中,男性因素占比到底是多少,我可以清楚的告诉你是有文献统计的,但我不会给你结论,如果想知道,就自己去看,如果你看得懂这些论文,那我相信你有一定的科学素养,因此我也有理由相信你能够认可科学统计的结果(当然你也有选择不相信的权利,欢迎大家补充文献);如果你连文献都不想看,那我的目的就达到了,我不想让你在什么都不懂的情况下,拿着我的结论霍霍别人。
男女因素占比的相关文献:
- Haouzi D, Assou S, Mahmoud K, et al. Gene expression profile of human endometrial receptivity: comparison between natural and stimulated cycles for the same patients. Hum Reprod. 2009;24(6):1436-1445.
- Hotaling J, Carrell DT. Clinical genetic testing for male factor infertility: current applications and future directions. Andrology. 2014;2(3):339-350.
- Li TC, Makris M, Tomsu M, et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, -2, and -3 in endometrial tissue of women with and without endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2004;82 Suppl 3:1226-1233.
- Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2012;98(5):1103-1111.
- Seshadri S, Sunkara SK. Natural killer cells in female infertility and recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(3):429-438.